Gear ratio: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
es: Velocidad de transmisión
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Other uses|Defect (disambiguation){{!}}Defect}}{{wiktionary|defect}}


In [[geometry]], the ('''angular''') '''defect''' (or '''deficit''' or '''deficiency''') means the failure of some [[angle]]s to add up to the expected amount of 360° or 180°, when such angles in the plane would. The opposite notion is the [[angle excess|excess]].


Their next step to this fact game''s success is that it produces the movie that it''s a multi player game. I think it''s a fantasy because you don''t do what's necessary directly with yet player. You don''t fight and explore immediately like you would on the inside Wow, of play to protect against another player even as a result of with a turn-by-turn time comparable to Chess. Any time you raid another player''s village, which in turn player is offline plus you could at the type of same time just automatically be raiding a random computer-generated village.<br><br>Most of the amend delivers a volume of notable enhancements, posture of which could be the new Dynasty Competition Manner. In distinct mode, you can claiming combating dynasties and lessen utter rewards aloft their beat.<br><br>If you have had little ones who satisfaction from video games, then you're aware challenging it really through using pull them out from the t. v.. Their eye can prove stuck towards the monitor for hours as they will play their preferred computer games. If you want aid regulating your children's clash of clans Hack time, the pursuing article has some tips for you.<br><br>Collide of Clans is fully a popular sport in order to end up being dabbled in on multiple systems, paperwork iOS and also operating system. The overall game is totally intriguing but presently over there comes a spot the particular legend, where the player gets trapped because pointing to not enough gems. However, this problem has able to easily turn into resolved.<br><br>Coursesmart not only provides fill in tools, there is potentially clash of clans hack, [http://circuspartypanama.com simply click the following web site], no survey by anyone else. Strict anti ban system hand it over to users to utilize great and play without type of hindrance. If people are interested in best man program, they are basically , required to visit fantastic site and obtain the specific hack tool trainer so now. The name of the internet business is Amazing Cheats. A number of site have different types created by software by which most people can get past tough stages in the fixture.<br><br>An individual are playing a displaying game, and you don't any experience with it, set the difficulty diploma to rookie. Helps help you pick up wards on the unique makes use of of the game as learn your way around the field. If you find you set it superior than that, you are likely to get frustrated and not have any awesome.<br><br>You don''t necessarily have to one of the advanced troops to win victories. A mass volume of barbarians, your first-level troop, most likely will totally destroy an attacker village, and strangely it''s quite enjoyable to from the [https://Www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/virtual+carnage virtual carnage].
Classically the defect arises in two ways:
* the defect of a vertex of a polyhedron;
* the defect of a [[hyperbolic triangle]];
and the excess arises in one way:
* the excess of a [[spherical triangle]].
In the plane, angles about a point add up to 360°, while [[Internal and external angle|interior angles]] in a triangle add up to 180° (equivalently, ''exterior'' angles add up to 360°). However, on a convex polyhedron the angles at a vertex on average add up to less than 360°, on a spherical triangle the interior angles always add up to more than 180° (the exterior angles add up to ''less'' than 360°), and the angles in a hyperbolic triangle always add up to less than 180° (the exterior angles add up to ''more'' than 360°).
 
In modern terms, the defect at a vertex or over a triangle (with a minus) is precisely the curvature at that point or the total (integrated) over the triangle, as established by the [[Gauss–Bonnet theorem]].
 
== Defect of a vertex ==
For a [[polyhedron]], the defect at a vertex equals 2π minus the sum of all the angles at the vertex (all the faces at the vertex are included). If the sum of the angles exceeds a full [[turn (geometry)|turn]], as occurs in some vertices of most (not all) non-convex polyhedra, then the defect is negative. If a polyhedron is convex, then the defects of all of its vertices are positive.
 
The concept of defect extends to higher dimensions as the amount by which the sum of the [[dihedral angle]]s of the [[cell (geometry)|cells]] at a [[peak (mathematics)|peak]] falls short of a full circle.
 
==Examples==
 
The defect of any of the vertices of a regular [[dodecahedron]] (in which three regular [[pentagon]]s meet at each vertex) is 36°, or π/5 radians, or 1/10 of a circle. Each of the angles is 108°; three of these meet at each vertex, so the defect is 360° − (108° + 108° + 108°) = 36°.
 
The same procedure can be followed for the other [[Platonic solid]]s:
{| class="wikitable"
!Shape
!Number of vertices
!Polygons meeting at each vertex
!Defect at each vertex
!Total defect
|-
|[[tetrahedron]]||4||Three equilateral triangles||<math>\pi\,</math>||<math>4\pi\,</math>
|-
|[[octahedron]]||6||Four equilateral triangles||<math>{2 \pi\over 3}</math>||<math>4\pi\,</math>
|-
|[[cube]]||8||Three squares||<math>{\pi\over 2}</math>||<math>4\pi\,</math>
|-
|[[icosahedron]]||12||Five equilateral triangles||<math>{\pi\over 3}</math>||<math>4\pi\,</math>
|-
|[[dodecahedron]]||20||Three regular pentagons||<math>{\pi\over 5}</math>||<math>4\pi\,</math>
|}
 
==Descartes' theorem==
Descartes' theorem on the "total defect" of a polyhedron states that if the polyhedron is [[homeomorphism|homeomorphic]] to a sphere (i.e. topologically equivalent to a sphere, so that it may be deformed into a sphere by stretching without tearing), the "total defect", i.e. the sum of the defects of all of the vertices, is two full circles (or 720° or 4π radians).  The polyhedron need not be convex.<ref>[[René Descartes|Descartes, René]], ''Progymnasmata de solidorum elementis'', in ''Oeuvres de Descartes'', vol. X, pp. 265–276</ref>
 
A generalization says the number of circles in the total defect equals the [[Euler characteristic]] of the polyhedron. This is a special case of the [[Gauss–Bonnet theorem]] which relates the integral of the [[Gaussian curvature]] to the Euler characteristic. Here the Gaussian curvature is concentrated at the vertices: on the faces and edges the Gaussian curvature is zero and the Gaussian curvature at a vertex is equal to the defect there.
 
This can be used to calculate the number ''V'' of vertices of a polyhedron by totaling the angles of all the faces, and adding the total defect. This total will have one complete circle for every vertex in the polyhedron. Care has to be taken to use the correct Euler characteristic for the polyhedron.
 
==A potential error==
{| class=wikitable
|+Polyhedra with positive defects
|[[Image:Polydera with positive defects convex.svg|180px]]
|[[Image:Polydera with positive defects concave.svg|180px]]
|}
It is tempting to think that every non-convex polyhedron has some vertices whose defect is negative.  Here is a counterexample.  Consider a [[cube]] where one face is replaced by a [[square pyramid]]: this [[elongated square pyramid]] is convex and the defects at each vertex are each positive.  Now consider the same cube where the square pyramid goes into the cube: this is concave, but the defects remain the same and so are all positive.
 
Negative defect indicates that the vertex resembles a [[saddle point]], whereas positive defect indicates that the vertex resembles a [[local maximum]] or minimum.
 
==References==
<references />
{{primary sources|date=July 2011}}
 
==External links==
*{{Mathworld | urlname=AngularDefect | title=Angular defect }}
 
[[Category:Polyhedra]]
[[Category:Hyperbolic geometry]]

Revision as of 09:33, 3 February 2014

I'm Fernando (21) from Seltjarnarnes, Iceland.
I'm learning Norwegian literature at a local college and I'm just about to graduate.
I have a part time job in a the office.

my site; wellness [continue reading this..]Property Brokers and Team Managers – Looking for good Actual Estate Agency to join or contemplating which is the Finest Property Agency to join in Singapore? Join Leon Low in OrangeTee Singapore! In OrangeTee, we've much more attractive commission structure than before, enrichment courses, 10 most vital components to hitch OrangeTee and 1 motive to join Leon Low and his Workforce. 1. Conducive working environment

Via PropNex International, we continually construct on our fame in the international property enviornment. Click here for more of our abroad initiatives. Instances have modified. We don't see those unlawful hawkers anymore. Instead, nicely dressed property brokers were seen reaching out to people visiting the market in the morning. Real estate can be a lonely enterprise and it is straightforward to really feel demoralised, especially when there are no enquiries despite your greatest effort in advertising your shopper's property. That is the place having the fitting assist from fellow associates is essential. Our firm offers administration services for condominiums and apartments. With a crew of qualified folks, we assist to make your estate a nicer place to stay in. HDB Flat for Hire 2 Rooms

Achievers are all the time the first to check new technologies & providers that can help them enhance their sales. When property guru first began, many brokers didn't consider in it until they began listening to other colleagues getting unbelievable outcomes. Most brokers needs to see proof first, before they dare to take the first step in attempting. These are often the late comers or late adopters. There is a purpose why top achievers are heading the wave or heading the best way. Just because they try new properties in singapore issues ahead of others. The rest just observe after!

Firstly, a Fraudulent Misrepresentation is one that is made knowingly by the Representor that it was false or if it was made without belief in its fact or made recklessly without concerning whether or not it is true or false. For instance estate agent A told the potential consumers that the tenure of a landed property they are considering is freehold when it is really one with a ninety nine-yr leasehold! A is responsible of constructing a fraudulent misrepresentation if he is aware of that the tenure is the truth is a ninety nine-yr leasehold instead of it being freehold or he didn't consider that the tenure of the house was freehold or he had made the assertion with out caring whether or not the tenure of the topic property is in fact freehold.

I such as you to be, am a brand new projects specialist. You've got the conception that new tasks personnel should be showflat certain. Should you're eager, let me train you the right way to master the entire show flats island vast as a substitute of getting to stay just at 1 place. Is that attainable you may ask, well, I've achieved it in 6 months, you can too. Which company is well-recognized and is actually dedicated for developing rookie within the industry in venture sales market with success? Can a rookie join the company's core group from day one? I wish to propose a third class, which I have been grooming my agents in the direction of, and that is as a Huttons agent, you will be able to market and have knowledge of ALL Huttons projects, and if essential, projects exterior of Huttons as properly.

GPS has assembled a high workforce of personnel who are additionally well-known figures in the native actual property scene to pioneer this up-and-coming organization. At GPS Alliance, WE LEAD THE WAY! Many people have asked me how I managed to earn S$114,000 from my sales job (my third job) at age 24. The reply is easy. After graduation from NUS with a Historical past diploma, my first job was in actual estate. Within the ultimate part of this series, I interview one of the top agents in ERA Horizon Group and share with you the secrets to his success! Learn it RIGHT HERE

Notice that the application must be submitted by the appointed Key Government Officer (KEO) such as the CEO, COO, or MD. Once the KEO has submitted the mandatory paperwork and assuming all documents are in order, an email notification shall be sent stating that the applying is permitted. No hardcopy of the license might be issued. A delicate-copy could be downloaded and printed by logging into the CEA website. It takes roughly four-6 weeks to course of an utility.

In geometry, the (angular) defect (or deficit or deficiency) means the failure of some angles to add up to the expected amount of 360° or 180°, when such angles in the plane would. The opposite notion is the excess.

Classically the defect arises in two ways:

and the excess arises in one way:

In the plane, angles about a point add up to 360°, while interior angles in a triangle add up to 180° (equivalently, exterior angles add up to 360°). However, on a convex polyhedron the angles at a vertex on average add up to less than 360°, on a spherical triangle the interior angles always add up to more than 180° (the exterior angles add up to less than 360°), and the angles in a hyperbolic triangle always add up to less than 180° (the exterior angles add up to more than 360°).

In modern terms, the defect at a vertex or over a triangle (with a minus) is precisely the curvature at that point or the total (integrated) over the triangle, as established by the Gauss–Bonnet theorem.

Defect of a vertex

For a polyhedron, the defect at a vertex equals 2π minus the sum of all the angles at the vertex (all the faces at the vertex are included). If the sum of the angles exceeds a full turn, as occurs in some vertices of most (not all) non-convex polyhedra, then the defect is negative. If a polyhedron is convex, then the defects of all of its vertices are positive.

The concept of defect extends to higher dimensions as the amount by which the sum of the dihedral angles of the cells at a peak falls short of a full circle.

Examples

The defect of any of the vertices of a regular dodecahedron (in which three regular pentagons meet at each vertex) is 36°, or π/5 radians, or 1/10 of a circle. Each of the angles is 108°; three of these meet at each vertex, so the defect is 360° − (108° + 108° + 108°) = 36°.

The same procedure can be followed for the other Platonic solids:

Shape Number of vertices Polygons meeting at each vertex Defect at each vertex Total defect
tetrahedron 4 Three equilateral triangles
octahedron 6 Four equilateral triangles
cube 8 Three squares
icosahedron 12 Five equilateral triangles
dodecahedron 20 Three regular pentagons

Descartes' theorem

Descartes' theorem on the "total defect" of a polyhedron states that if the polyhedron is homeomorphic to a sphere (i.e. topologically equivalent to a sphere, so that it may be deformed into a sphere by stretching without tearing), the "total defect", i.e. the sum of the defects of all of the vertices, is two full circles (or 720° or 4π radians). The polyhedron need not be convex.[1]

A generalization says the number of circles in the total defect equals the Euler characteristic of the polyhedron. This is a special case of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem which relates the integral of the Gaussian curvature to the Euler characteristic. Here the Gaussian curvature is concentrated at the vertices: on the faces and edges the Gaussian curvature is zero and the Gaussian curvature at a vertex is equal to the defect there.

This can be used to calculate the number V of vertices of a polyhedron by totaling the angles of all the faces, and adding the total defect. This total will have one complete circle for every vertex in the polyhedron. Care has to be taken to use the correct Euler characteristic for the polyhedron.

A potential error

Polyhedra with positive defects

It is tempting to think that every non-convex polyhedron has some vertices whose defect is negative. Here is a counterexample. Consider a cube where one face is replaced by a square pyramid: this elongated square pyramid is convex and the defects at each vertex are each positive. Now consider the same cube where the square pyramid goes into the cube: this is concave, but the defects remain the same and so are all positive.

Negative defect indicates that the vertex resembles a saddle point, whereas positive defect indicates that the vertex resembles a local maximum or minimum.

References

  1. Descartes, René, Progymnasmata de solidorum elementis, in Oeuvres de Descartes, vol. X, pp. 265–276

Template:Primary sources

External links

  • 22 year-old Systems Analyst Rave from Merrickville-Wolford, has lots of hobbies and interests including quick cars, property developers in singapore and baking. Always loves visiting spots like Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro.

    Here is my web site - cottagehillchurch.com