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| In [[mathematics]], the '''isoperimetric dimension''' of a [[manifold]] is a notion of dimension that tries to capture how the ''large-scale behavior'' of the manifold resembles that of a [[Euclidean space]] (unlike the [[topological dimension]] or the [[Hausdorff dimension]] which compare different ''local behaviors'' against those of the Euclidean space).
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| In the [[Euclidean space]], the [[isoperimetry|isoperimetric inequality]] says that of all bodies with the same volume, the ball has the smallest surface area. In other manifolds it is usually very difficult to find the precise body minimizing the surface area, and this is not what the isoperimetric dimension is about. The question we will ask is, what is ''approximately'' the minimal surface area, whatever the body realizing it might be.
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| ==Formal definition==
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| We say about a manifold ''M'' that it satisfies a ''d''-dimensional '''isoperimetric inequality''' if for any open set ''D'' in ''M'' with a smooth boundary one has
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| :<math>\mathrm{area}\,(\partial D)\geq C\,\mathrm{vol}\,(D)^{(d-1)/d}.\,</math>
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| The notations vol and area refer to the regular notions of volume and surface area on the manifold, or more precisely, if the manifold has ''n'' topological dimensions then vol refers to ''n''-dimensional volume and area refers to (''n'' − 1)-dimensional volume. ''C'' here refers to some constant, which does not depend on ''D'' (it may depend on the manifold and on ''d'').
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| The '''isoperimetric dimension''' of ''M'' is the supremum of all values of ''d'' such that ''M'' satisfies a ''d''-dimensional isoperimetric inequality.
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| ==Examples==
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| A ''d''-dimensional Euclidean space has isoperimetric dimension ''d''. This is the well known [[isoperimetry|isoperimetric problem]] — as discussed above, for the Euclidean space the constant ''C'' is known precisely since the minimum is achieved for the ball.
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| An infinite cylinder (i.e. a [[cartesian product|product]] of the [[unit circle|circle]] and the [[real line|line]]) has topological dimension 2 but isoperimetric dimension 1. Indeed, multiplying any manifold with a compact manifold does not change the isoperimetric dimension (it only changes the value of the constant ''C''). Any compact manifold has isoperimetric dimension 0.
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| It is also possible for the isoperimetric dimension to be larger than the topological dimension. The simplest example is the infinite [[jungle gym]], which has topological dimension 2 and isoperimetric dimension 3. See [http://www.math.ucla.edu/~bon/jungle.html] for pictures and Mathematica code.
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| The [[hyperbolic geometry|hyperbolic plane]] has topological dimension 2 and isoperimetric dimension infinity. In fact the hyperbolic plane has positive [[Cheeger constant]]. This means that it satisfies the inequality
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| :<math>\mathrm{area}\,(\partial D)\geq C\,\mathrm{vol}\,(D),</math>
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| which obviously implies infinite isoperimetric dimension.
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| ==Isoperimetric dimension of graphs==
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| {{main|Expander graph}}
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| The isoperimetric dimension of [[Graph (mathematics)|graphs]] can be defined in a similar fashion.
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| A precise definition is given in Chung's survey.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chung|first=Fan|title=Discrete Isoperimetric Inequalities|url=http://math.ucsd.edu/~fan/wp/iso.pdf}}</ref>
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| Area and volume are measured by set sizes. For every subset ''A'' of the graph ''G'' one defines <math>\partial A</math> as the set of vertices in <math>G\setminus A</math> with a neighbor in ''A''. A ''d''-dimensional isoperimetric inequality is now defined by
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| :<math>|\partial A|\geq C\left(\min \left( |A| , |G\setminus A| \right)\right)^{(d-1)/d}. \, </math>
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| (This [http://mathoverflow.net/questions/85334/ MathOverflow question] provides more details.) The graph analogs of all the examples above hold but the definition is slightly different in order to avoid that the isoperimetric dimension of any finite graph is 0: In the above formula the volume of <math>A</math> is replaced by <math>\min (|A|,|G\setminus A|)</math> (see Chung's survey, section 7).
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| The isoperimetric dimension of a ''d''-dimensional grid is ''d''. In general, the isoperimetric dimension is preserved by [[Glossary of Riemannian and metric geometry#Q|quasi isometries]], both by quasi-isometries between manifolds, between graphs, and even by quasi isometries carrying manifolds to graphs, with the respective definitions. In rough terms, this means that a graph "mimicking" a given manifold (as the grid mimics the Euclidean space) would have the same isoperimetric dimension as the manifold. An infinite complete [[binary tree]] has isoperimetric dimension ∞.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
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| ==Consequences of isoperimetry==<!-- This section is linked from [[Random walk]] --> | |
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| A simple integration over ''r'' (or sum in the case of graphs) shows that a ''d''-dimensional isoperimetric inequality implies a ''d''-dimensional [[Growth rate (group theory)|volume growth]], namely
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| :<math>\mathrm{vol}\,B(x,r)\geq Cr^d</math>
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| where ''B''(''x'',''r'') denotes the ball of radius ''r'' around the point ''x'' in the [[Riemannian manifold|Riemannian distance]] or in the [[Glossary of graph theory#Distance|graph distance]]. In general, the opposite is not true, i.e. even uniformly exponential volume growth does not imply any kind of isoperimetric inequality. A simple example can be had by taking the graph '''Z''' (i.e. all the integers with edges between ''n'' and ''n'' + 1) and connecting to the vertex ''n'' a complete binary tree of height |''n''|. Both properties (exponential growth and 0 isoperimetric dimension) are easy to verify.
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| An interesting exception is the case of [[Group (mathematics)|groups]]. It turns out that a group with polynomial growth of order ''d'' has isoperimetric dimension ''d''. This holds both for the case of [[Lie group]]s and for the [[Cayley graph]] of a [[finitely generated group]].
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| A theorem of [[Nicholas Varopoulos|Varopoulos]] connects the isoperimetric dimension of a graph to the rate of escape of [[random walk]] on the graph. The result states
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| ''Varopoulos' theorem: If G is a graph satisfying a d-dimensional isoperimetric inequality then''
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| :<math>p_n(x,y)\leq Cn^{-d/2} \, </math>
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| ''where'' <math>\scriptstyle p_n(x,y)\,</math> ''is the probability that a random walk on G starting from x will be in y after n steps, and C is some constant.''
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| ==References==
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| <references /> | |
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| * Isaac Chavel, ''Isoperimetric Inequalities: Differential geometric and analytic persepectives'', Cambridge university press, Cambridge, UK (2001), ISBN 0-521-80267-9
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| :Discusses the topic in the context of manifolds, no mention of graphs.
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| * N. Th. Varopoulos, ''Isoperimetric inequalities and Markov chains'', J. Funct. Anal. '''63:2''' (1985), 215–239.
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| * Thierry Coulhon and Laurent Saloff-Coste, ''Isopérimétrie pour les groupes et les variétés'', Rev. Mat. Iberoamericana '''9:2''' (1993), 293–314.
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| :This paper contains the result that on groups of polynomial growth, volume growth and isoperimetric inequalities are equivalent. In French.
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| * Fan Chung, ''Discrete Isoperimetric Inequalities''. ''Surveys in Differential Geometry IX'', International Press, (2004), 53–82. http://math.ucsd.edu/~fan/wp/iso.pdf.
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| :This paper contains a precise definition of the isoperimetric dimension of a graph, and establishes many of its properties.
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| [[Category:Mathematical analysis]]
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| [[Category:Dimension]]
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