Real analytic Eisenstein series

Canadian weather radar network

The Canadian weather radar network consists of 31 weather radars spanning Canada's most populated regions. Their primary purpose is the early detection of precipitation, its motion and the threat it poses to life and property. Each has a range of Template:Convert in radius around the site to detect reflectivity, and a range of Template:Convert for detecting velocity patterns (Doppler effect).

History

Research in weather radars in Canada began at the end of the Second World War with "Project Stormy Weather". After the war, J.S. Marshall continued at McGill University the work with the "Stormy Weather Group". The Canadian network was thus gradually formed and by 1997, there were 19 weather radars of two kinds across the country: 18 five centimeter wavelength (C-Band) radars and 1 ten centimeter wavelength (S-Band) at McGill, all of the radars detected reflectivity with 3 sites equipped with Doppler capabilities (Carvel, King City and McGill).

Environment Canada received approval in 1998 to upgrade the network to Doppler standard and to add 12 more radars with the operational characteristics coming from King City weather radar station (CWKR), the research radar of Environment Canada. However, McGill radar (at the J. S. Marshall Radar Observatory), while being part of the network, is owned by McGill University. It is a research as well as an operational radar and is modified independently.

Characteristics

Villeroy radar, 75 km southwest of Quebec City : tower and radome to the left, transmitter and receiver in the building on the right

• McGill radar (at the J. S. Marshall Radar Observatory):
  • 9 metre (30 feet) diameter antenna.
  • Using a klystron to produce a wavelength signal of 10 cm. (S-Band)
  • Doppler since 1993 and dual polarization was added in 1999.
• King City weather radar station This research radar is essentially a WSR-98A (see below) upgraded with dual polarization capability.

Station CXSS at Silver Star Mountain

• The rest of the network:
  • The upgraded radar have antennas from two manufacturers: Enterprise Electronics Corporation (EEC) and Raytheon.
  • The new radar have antennas produced by Andrew Canada. With a diameter almost double the old ones; resolutions improved by the same amount.
  • Use 5.6 cm wavelength emitting magnetrons. (C-Band)
  • Process received reflectivity and Doppler data with Sigmet Radar Data Systems, now a part of Vaisala Oyj.
  • Each radar in the network will thus be called a WSR-98E, WSR-98R or WSR-98A for Weather Surveillance Radar - 1998 (for the year of the start of the program) and the first letter of the manufacturer of the Pedestal/Antenna (Enterprise, Raytheon or Andrew).
  • Antennas of 3.6 metres in diameter for the ungraded radars and 6.1 m for the new ones.
  • Pulse length and pulse repetition frequency adjustable. Pulse length 0.8,1.6 and 2.0$\mu$s. Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) 250 Hz and Dual PRF (Doppler Mode) 1190/1200 Hz.

Scanning Strategy

Because the network is using C band radars, compromises had to be used (see Doppler dilemma) between maximum reflectivity range and maximum non ambiguous velocities. The actual scanning strategy (2006) is divided in two separate scans over 10 minutes:

• Conventional cycle: 24 elevation angles scanned in 5 minutes to obtain a tri-dimensional view of the atmosphere within 256 km of the radar in reflectivity.
• Doppler cycle: 4 angles scanned in reflectivity and velocities, the first three in a range of 128 km and the last within 256 km. This cycle is used to locate possible small scale rotation and shear in the wind pattern as well as the large scale circulation. The velocity data also help to filter artifacts in the reflectivity such as ground echos.

Only the McGill radar (J. S. Marshall Radar Observatory) using its coherent S-band transmitter acquires reflectivities and velocities during each of its 24 elevation angles: 5 minute cycle time.

Take note that McGill. Jimmy Lake and Lac Castor radars are not owned neither operated by Environment Canada. McGill radar is operated/owned by McGill University. Jimmy Lake and Lac Castor are owned/operated by the Department of Defense (DND).

Latest News

Environment Canada received the funding from the Treasury Board in 2011 to undergo a major modernization project called 'WES Renewal' to upgrade to dual polarization all Canadian Radars in two separate five year plans. Complete network stabilization and systemic problems resolution will also be part of this major effort by Environment Canada. The first five years will concentrate on the upgrade of the ten 98A radars to dual polarization. McGill will be upgraded to a new antenna (will either remain S-Band or change to C-Band), but will be operated by Environment Canada in the near future (probably by 2016).

List of radars

The modernization process began in the fall of 1998 with the opening of Bethune radar and ended in 2004 with the one in Timmins.

Canadian Weather Radar Network

Site	Location	Province	Coordinates	ID/call sign	Band	Type	Callsign meaning	Notes
Aldergrove	Vancouver	British Columbia	Template:Coord	CWUJ	C	98E
Bethune	Regina	Saskatchewan	Template:Coord	CXBE	C	98A	Bethune
Britt	Georgian Bay	Ontario	Template:Coord	CWBI	C	98A	Britt
Carvel	Edmonton	Alberta	Template:Coord	CWHK	C	98E
Chipman	Central New Brunswick	New Brunswick	Template:Coord	CXNC	C	98E	New Brunswick Chipman
Dryden	Western Ontario	Ontario	Template:Coord	CXDR	C	98E	Dryden
Exeter	Southwestern Ontario	Ontario	Template:Coord	CWSO	C	98A	Southern Ontario
Foxwarren	Eastern Saskatchewan/Western Manitoba	Manitoba	Template:Coord	CXFW	C	98E	Foxwarren
Franktown	Eastern Ontario	Ontario	Template:Coord	CXFT	C	98A	Franktown
Gore	Central Hants County	Nova Scotia	Template:Coord	CXGO	C	98A	Gore
Holyrood	Eastern Newfoundland	Newfoundland and Labrador	Template:Coord	CWTP	C	98R
Jimmy Lake	NW Saskatchewan/NE Alberta	Saskatchewan	Template:Coord	CWHN	C	98E
King City	Southern Ontario	Ontario	Template:Coord	CWKR	C	98A	King City Radar
Lac Castor	Saguenay River	Quebec	Template:Coord	CWMB	C	98E
Landrienne	Amos	Quebec	Template:Coord	CXLA	C	98R	Landrienne Amos
Lasseter Lake	Superior West	Ontario	Template:Coord	CXNI	C	98E	Nipigon
Marble Mountain	Western Newfoundland	Newfoundland and Labrador	Template:Coord	CXME	C	98A	Marble Mountain
Marion Bridge	Southeastern Cape Breton County	Nova Scotia	Template:Coord	CXMB	C	98E	Marion Bridge
McGill	Montreal	Quebec	Template:Coord	CWMN	S	--	Montreal
Montreal River Harbour	Sault Ste Marie	Ontario	Template:Coord	CWGJ	C	98E
Mount Sicker	Victoria	British Columbia	Template:Coord	CXSI	C	98A	Mount Sicker
Mount Silver Star	Vernon	British Columbia	Template:Coord	CXSS	C	98A	Silver Star
Prince George	Northern B.C.	British Columbia	Template:Coord	CXPG	C	98R	Prince George
Radisson	Saskatoon	Saskatchewan	Template:Coord	CXRA	C	98E	Radisson
Schuler	Medicine Hat	Alberta	Template:Coord	CXBU	C	98E	Burstall	This RADAR was originally planned to be located at Burstall, Saskatchewan.
Spirit River	Grande Prairie	Alberta	Template:Coord	CWWW	C	98E
Strathmore	Calgary	Alberta	Template:Coord	CXSM	C	98A	Strathmore
Timmins	Northeastern Ontario	Ontario	Template:Coord	CXTI	C	98E	Timmins
Val d'Irène	Lower St. Lawrence	Quebec	Template:Coord	CXAM	C	98A	Amqui
Villeroy	Southwest of Quebec City	Quebec	Template:Coord	CWVY	C	98R	Villeroy
Woodlands	Winnipeg	Manitoba	Template:Coord	CXWL	C	98A	Woodlands

See also

• NEXRAD, the weather radar network in United States

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

• Environment Canada description of the different sites
• Real time Canadian weather radar network data by Environment Canada
• Andrew radars
• Enterprise Electronics Corporation (EEC)