CORR

Wigner's 6-j symbols were introduced by Eugene Paul Wigner in 1940, and published in 1965. They are defined by a sum over products of four 3jm symbols,

${\begin{Bmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\j_{4}&j_{5}&j_{6}\end{Bmatrix}}=\sum _{m_{i}}(-1)^{S}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&-m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{5}&j_{6}\\-m_{1}&m_{5}&m_{6}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{4}&j_{5}&j_{3}\\m_{4}&-m_{5}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{4}&j_{2}&j_{6}\\-m_{4}&-m_{2}&-m_{6}\end{pmatrix}}.$

with phase $S=\sum _{k=1}^{6}(j_{k}-m_{k})$. The summation is over all six Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.

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${\begin{Bmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\j_{4}&j_{5}&j_{6}\end{Bmatrix}}=(-1)^{j_{1}+j_{2}+j_{4}+j_{5}}W(j_{1}j_{2}j_{5}j_{4};j_{3}j_{6}).$

They have higher symmetry than Racah's W-coefficients.

Symmetry relations

The 6-j symbol is invariant under the permutation of any two columns:

${\begin{Bmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\j_{4}&j_{5}&j_{6}\end{Bmatrix}}={\begin{Bmatrix}j_{2}&j_{1}&j_{3}\\j_{5}&j_{4}&j_{6}\end{Bmatrix}}={\begin{Bmatrix}j_{1}&j_{3}&j_{2}\\j_{4}&j_{6}&j_{5}\end{Bmatrix}}={\begin{Bmatrix}j_{3}&j_{2}&j_{1}\\j_{6}&j_{5}&j_{4}\end{Bmatrix}}.$

The 6-j symbol is also invariant if upper and lower arguments are interchanged in any two columns:

${\begin{Bmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\j_{4}&j_{5}&j_{6}\end{Bmatrix}}={\begin{Bmatrix}j_{4}&j_{5}&j_{3}\\j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{6}\end{Bmatrix}}={\begin{Bmatrix}j_{1}&j_{5}&j_{6}\\j_{4}&j_{2}&j_{3}\end{Bmatrix}}={\begin{Bmatrix}j_{4}&j_{2}&j_{6}\\j_{1}&j_{5}&j_{3}\end{Bmatrix}}.$

These equations reflect the 24 symmetry operations of the automorphism group that leave the associated tetrahedral Yutsis graph with 6 edges invariant: mirror operations that exchange two vertices and a swap an adjacent pair of edges.

The 6-j symbol

${\begin{Bmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\j_{4}&j_{5}&j_{6}\end{Bmatrix}}$

is zero unless j₁, j₂, and j₃ satisfy triangle conditions, i.e.,

$j_{1}=|j_{2}-j_{3}|,\ldots ,j_{2}+j_{3}$

In combination with the symmetry relation for interchanging upper and lower arguments this shows that triangle conditions must also be satisfied for the triads (j₁, j₅, j₆), (j₄, j₂, j₆), and (j₄, j₅, j₃). Furthermore, the sum of each of the elements of a triad must be an integer. Therefore, the members of each triad are either all integers or contain one integer and two half-integers.

Special case

When j₆ = 0 the expression for the 6-j symbol is:

${\begin{Bmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\j_{4}&j_{5}&0\end{Bmatrix}}={\frac {\delta _{j_{2},j_{4}}\delta _{j_{1},j_{5}}}{\sqrt {(2j_{1}+1)(2j_{2}+1)}}}(-1)^{j_{1}+j_{2}+j_{3}}\{j_{1},j_{2},j_{3}\}.$

The function {j₁, j₂, j₃} is equal to 1 when the triad (j₁, j₂, j₃) satisfies the triangle conditions, and zero otherwise. The symmetry relations can be used to find the expression when another j is equal to zero.

Orthogonality relation

The 6-j symbols satisfy this orthogonality relation:

$\sum _{j_{3}}(2j_{3}+1){\begin{Bmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\j_{4}&j_{5}&j_{6}\end{Bmatrix}}{\begin{Bmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\j_{4}&j_{5}&j_{6}'\end{Bmatrix}}={\frac {\delta _{j_{6}^{}j_{6}'}}{2j_{6}+1}}\{j_{1},j_{5},j_{6}\}\{j_{4},j_{2},j_{6}\}.$

Asymptotics

A remarkable formula for the asymptotic behavior of the 6-j symbol was first conjectured by Ponzano and Regge and later proven by Roberts. The asymptotic formula applies when all six quantum numbers j₁, ..., j₆ are taken to be large and associates to the 6-j symbol the geometry of a tetrahedron. If the 6-j symbol is determined by the quantum numbers j₁, ..., j₆ the associated tetrahedron has edge lengths J_i = j_i+1/2 (i=1,...,6) and the asymptotic formula is given by,

${\begin{Bmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\j_{4}&j_{5}&j_{6}\end{Bmatrix}}\sim {\frac {1}{\sqrt {12\pi |V|}}}\cos {\left(\sum _{i=1}^{6}J_{i}\theta _{i}+{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)}.$

The notation is as follows: Each θ_i is the external dihedral angle about the edge J_i of the associated tetrahedron and the amplitude factor is expressed in terms of the volume, V, of this tetrahedron.

Mathematical interpretation

In representation theory, 6j-symbols are matrix coefficients of the associator isomorphism in a tensor category. For example, if we are given three representations V_i, V_j, V_k of a group (or quantum group), one has a natural isomorphism

$(V_{i}\otimes V_{j})\otimes V_{k}\to V_{i}\otimes (V_{j}\otimes V_{k})$

of tensor product representations, induced by coassociativity of the corresponding bialgebra. One of the axioms defining a monoidal category is that associators satisfy a pentagon identity, which is equivalent to the Biedenharn-Elliot identity for 6j-symbols.

When a monoidal category is semisimple, we can restrict our attention to irreducible objects, and define multiplicity spaces

$H_{i,j}^{\ell }=\operatorname {Hom} (V_{\ell },V_{i}\otimes V_{j})$

so that tensor products are decomposed as:

$V_{i}\otimes V_{j}=\bigoplus _{\ell }H_{i,j}^{\ell }V_{\ell }$

where the sum is over all isomorphism classes of irreducible objects. Then:

$(V_{i}\otimes V_{j})\otimes V_{k}\cong \bigoplus _{\ell ,m}H_{i,j}^{\ell }\otimes H_{\ell ,k}^{m}\otimes V_{m}\qquad {\text{while}}\qquad V_{i}\otimes (V_{j}\otimes V_{k})\cong \bigoplus _{m,n}H_{i,n}^{m}\otimes H_{j,k}^{n}\otimes V_{m}$

The associativity isomorphism induces a vector space isomorphism

$\Phi _{i,j}^{k,m}:\bigoplus _{\ell }H_{i,j}^{\ell }\otimes H_{\ell ,k}^{m}\to \bigoplus _{n}H_{i,n}^{m}\otimes H_{j,k}^{n}$

and the 6j symbols are defined as the component maps:

${\begin{Bmatrix}i&j&\ell \\k&m&n\end{Bmatrix}}=(\Phi _{i,j}^{k,m})_{\ell ,n}$

When the multiplicity spaces have canonical basis elements and dimension at most one (as in the case of SU(2) in the traditional setting), these component maps can be interpreted as numbers, and the 6j-symbols become ordinary matrix coefficients.

In abstract terms, the 6j-symbols are precisely the information that is lost when passing from a monoidal category to its Grothendieck group, since one can reconstruct a monoidal structure using the associator. For the case of representations of a finite group, the character table, together with its 6j-symbols, uniquely determines the group up to isomorphism, while the character table alone does not.

See also

• Clebsch–Gordan coefficients
• 3-jm symbol
• Racah W-coefficient
• 9-j symbol

Notes

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

References

• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
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• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

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