Förster coupling

30 year-old Entertainer or Range Artist Wesley from Drumheller, really loves vehicle, property developers properties for sale in singapore singapore and horse racing. Finds inspiration by traveling to Works of Antoni Gaudí. The CALICE (CAlorimeter for LInear Collider Experiment) collaboration [1] is R&D group of more than 280 physicists and engineers from around the world, working together to develop new, high performance detectors for high energy positron-electron( $e^{+}e^{-}$ ) experiments at future International Linear Collider (ILC). It is a part of European EUDET project.

The physics requirements of a future TeV-scale $e^{+}e^{-}$ machine such as the ILC demand extremely high performance calorimetry. This is best achieved using a finely segmented system that allows to reconstruct events using the so-called Particle Flow Approach (PFA).

The calorimeter systems for high energy physics experiments usually consist of three main subsystems: electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) to detect electromagnetic showers produced by electrons (or positrons) and photons, hadronic calorimeter (HCAL) to measure hadron-induced showers, and muon tracker (or so-called tail catcher) to identify highly penetrating particles such as muons.

CALICE has developed prototypes of the three main calorimetric subsystems of a future detector:ECAL followed by HCAL and tail catcher/muon tracker (TCMT), and is evaluating the performance of alternative technological solutions within this combined system.

The collaboration studies the performance of such calorimeters within a long, detailed program for an ECAL and several options of high granular analogue and digital calorimeters with sensitive layers of gas or plastic scintillator. The Tile- subgroup [2] has built a 1 $m^{3}$ steel/scintillator sandwich sampling hadronic calorimeter (HCAL) called physics prototype for study series in various test particle beams.

One of the 38 scintillator tile layers.

High granularity is achieved by 38 scintillator tile layers . Each layer is a 2- $cm$ thick steel plate 90x90 $cm^{2}$ followed by 0.5- $cm$ scintillator plate that consists of more than 200 scintillator tiles.

The mosaic of HCAL layers exhibits a hundred 3x3 $cm^{2}$ tiles in the center, surrounded by a large area covered with 6x6 $cm^{2}$ tiles and finally enclosed by a strip of 12x12 $cm^{2}$ tiles. All these near 8000 tiles in total are read out individually by wavelength-shifter fibers which illuminate small Silicon Photomultiplier(SiPM) mounted on each tile and insensitive to large magnetic field.

Present status

The very important experimental part of this project is now in progress: a combined test beam program involving exposure of combined prototype calorimeter system to real particle beams from different accelerators and subsequent data analysis. In test beam studies the Tile-HCAL with effective thickness 4.5 nuclear interaction lengths ($\lambda$) is headed by electromagnetic calorimeter (Silicon-Tungsten ECAL) near 1- $\lambda$ in thickness and followed by a 5-$\lambda$ thick tail catcher to measure the hadronic shower leakage.

For today, the sampling calorimeter has been calibrated to get its signal vs. the incident particle energy dependence using test beams of different incident particle sorts with known energies in the range from 4 GeV to 120 GeV. The corrections for the calorimeter non-linearity and the external temperature influence have been taken into rooster. For test beams with energy 50 GeV the precision of incoming particle energy reconstruction was estimated to be near 4%.

File:Pion.png

Detected pion trek in ECAL (red) with its extension and shower in HCAL (green).

Now, given some number of unknown incoming particles, it is possible to reconstruct their energies using the picture of particle showers born in the calorimeter. That picture have to be analyzed by a PFA program . In addition novel Deep Analysis (DA) algorithm has been developed to separate different sorts of secondary particles inside showers in order to improve the energy reconstruction.

The unprecedented granularity of CALICE calorimeter prototype provides an opportunity to test the Particle Flow concept. These days the work is in progress to check the output quality of the PFA programs . Due to large amount of test beam data, it becomes possible to use real events instead of simulated ones as input information for that programs. Since in the test beams all the particles are almost at the same coordinate position, there are created artificial events consisting of several incoming particles separated by some distance in order to check if the PFA program could to reconstruct the incoming particles right.