Markus–Yamabe conjecture

28 year-old Painting Investments Worker Truman from Regina, usually spends time with pastimes for instance interior design, property developers in new launch ec Singapore and writing. Last month just traveled to City of the Renaissance. In mathematics, E-functions are a type of power series that satisfy particular arithmetic conditions on the coefficients. They are of interest in transcendence theory, and are more special than G-functions.

Definition

A function f(x) is called of type E, or an E-function, if the power series

$f(x)=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{c}_n\frac{x^n}{n!}$

satisfies the following three conditions:

• All the coefficients c_n belong to the same algebraic number field, K, which has finite degree over the rational numbers;
• For all ε > 0,

$\overline{\left|c_n\right|}=O\left(n^{n\epsilon }\right)$,

where the left hand side represents the maximum of the absolute values of all the algebraic conjugates of c_n;

• For all ε > 0 there is a sequence of natural numbers q₀, q₁, q₂,… such that q_nc_k is an algebraic integer in K for k=0, 1, 2,…, n, and n = 0, 1, 2,… and for which

$q_n=O\left(n^{n\epsilon }\right)$.

The second condition implies that f is an entire function of x.

Uses

E-functions were first studied by Siegel in 1929. He found a method to show that the values taken by certain E-functions were algebraically independent.This was a result which established the algebraic independence of classes of numbers rather than just linear independence. Since then these functions have proved somewhat useful in number theory and in particular they have application in transcendence proofs and differential equations.

The Siegel–Shidlovsky theorem

Perhaps the main result connected to E-functions is the Siegel–Shidlovsky theorem (also known as the Shidlovsky and Shidlovskii theorem), named after Carl Ludwig Siegel and Andrei Borisovich Shidlovskii.

Suppose that we are given n E-functions, E₁(x),…,E_n(x), that satisfy a system of homogeneous linear differential equations

$y_i^{\prime }=\sum _{j=1}^n{f}_{ij}(x)y_j(1\le i\le n)$

where the f_ij are rational functions of x, and the coefficients of each E and f are elements of an algebraic number field K. Then the theorem states that if E₁(x),…,E_n(x) are algebraically independent over K(x), then for any non-zero algebraic number α that is not a pole of any of the f_ij the numbers E₁(α),…,E_n(α) are algebraically independent.

Examples

1. Any polynomial with algebraic coefficients is a simple example of an E-function.
2. The exponential function is an E-function, in its case c_n=1 for all of the n.
3. If λ is an algebraic number then the Bessel function J_λ is an E-function.
4. The sum or product of two E-functions is an E-function. In particular E-functions form a ring.
5. If a is an algebraic number and f(x) is an E-function then f(ax) will be an E-function.
6. If f(x) is an E-function then the derivative and integral of f are also E-functions.

References

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