Nevanlinna function

30 year-old Entertainer or Range Artist Wesley from Drumheller, really loves vehicle, property developers properties for sale in singapore singapore and horse racing. Finds inspiration by traveling to Works of Antoni Gaudí. Document mosaicing is a process that stitches multiple, overlapping snapshot images of a document together in order to produce one large, high resolution composite. The document is slid under a stationary, over-the-desk camera by hand until all parts of the document are snapshotted by the camera’s field of view. As the document slid under the camera, all motion of the document is coarsely tracked by the vision system. The document is periodically snapshotted such that the successive snapshots are overlap by about 50%. The system then finds the overlapped pairs and stitches them together repeatedly until all pairs are stitched together as one piece of document.

The document mosaicing can be divided into four main processes.

• Tracking
• Feature detecting
• Correspondences establishing
• Images mosaicing.

Tracking (simple correlation process)

In this process, the motion of the document slid under the camera is coarsely tracked by the system. Tracking is performed by a process called simple correlation process. In the first frame of snapshots, a small patch is extracted from the center of the image as a correlation template as shown in Figure 1. The correlation process is performed in the four times size of the patch area of the next frame. The motion of the paper is indicated by the peak in the correlation function. The peak in the correlation function indicates the motion of the paper. The template is resampled from this frame and the tracking continues until the template reaches the edge of the document. After the template reaches the edge of the document, another snapshot is taken and the tracking process performs repeatedly until the whole document is imaged. The snapshots are stored in an ordered list in order to pair the overlapped images in later processes.

Feature detecting for efficient matching

Feature detection is the process of finding the transformation which aligns one image with another. There are two main approaches for feature detection.

People are nonetheless rushing to buy properties in Singapore. A new residential condominium mission in Bedok had a long queue three days before its official launch and bought more than 350 units on the very first day. Nonetheless, there is a ‘development' that had emerged in 2011 that the majority have possibly overlooked.

In August, more than a hundred individuals across 16 states reportedly had been sickened with salmonella after consuming mangos In September, the Meals and Drug Administration detained mango imports from a Mexican packing house after the fruits had been linked to the sickenings Save Cash On Your Online Purchasing Make saving money when purchasing on-line a breeze with Bodge's favourite app, Invisible Hands. This helpful program does the price-checking analysis for you, and will warn you when a unique site has a better value - or let you realize that you have found the most effective deal. Watch Posted by Edison Foo  September 29, 2013 HEARTH SALE!!! From only $9xx,000! We hope this listing will help launch your search for new properties in Singapore. It's unlawful to purchase ice cream after 6 pm, in Newark.

for a borrower with one or more excellent residential property loans3; and No SSD will be payable by the seller if the property is bought more than three years after it was bought. Non-extension of the Jan 2009 Funds assistance measures for the property market when the measures expire. Permitting up to 2 years of property tax deferral for land accepted for improvement. Lively secondary marketplace for easy exit of property investments. Curiosity on mortgage fee is tax deductible when the property is rented out. We've progressive property tax rates for residential properties- the higher the value of the residential property, the upper the tax charge. Why do I've to pay property tax on my house when I'm an onwer-occupier and not deriving rental earnings? Palacio Cluster Landed

After obtaining a Sale License (topic to authorities circumstances meant to guard individuals shopping for property in Singapore), he might  www.rmmonline.com proceed to sell units in his growth. Funding in the property market of Singapore is likely one of the few investment choices the place utilizing the bank's cash could not be any easier. The power of expats, to make a down payment, leverage the capital and consequently improve total return on investment, is excessive in Singapore. PRs who own a HDB flat must sell their flat inside six months of buying a non-public residential property in Singapore. EVERLASTING residents (PRs) now face unprecedented limits on their skill to purchase property in Singapore. New Condo in 2013 March Foreigners are eligible for Singapore greenback mortgage loan. housing grant

Skilled property brokers in Singapore will assist the client and defend their interests throughout the acquisition, and will help safe the provide at the best possible price. The agents may even be sure that all paperwork are in order and that the vendor is the rightful proprietor of the property. Most of the property brokers share their databases with each other. Tuesday's measures come after the Monetary Authority of Singapore in June tightened rules on property loans, and closed loopholes that allowed some householders to circumvent loan restrictions and avoid paying levies when buying extra property. Contact us for a FREE housing loan analysis and to study concerning the newest mortgage to worth on Singapore housing loans. J Gateway Condominium (Bought Out) Oct, 2013

6. Completion of automotive park, roads and drains serving the housing project 5% 7. Notice of Vacant Possession (Upon obtaining Temporary Occupation Permit) The estimates given by SingaporeHousingLoan.SG's calculator are not quotations and are usually not binding in any way on SingaporeHousingLoan.sg or the consumer. The method of calculation does not exactly mirror that of which is being used by the individual monetary establishment and the data provided should be used as a information only. SingaporeHousingLoan.SG's calculator does not pre-qualify you for any housing loan from any monetary institution. Undercover Report Finds Unlawful Rat Meat Sold In London Market Unpasteurized Tempeh Linked To Salmonella Outbreak That Sickens 60 Hottest EC Launch in Sengkang!

BuyRentSingaporeProperty.com is dedicated in providing the newest residential launches, Developer's sales, new launches, resale, HIGH tasks and rental of properties in Singapore. Then there are new launch property condos in the mid-tier range. These are sometimes in the vicinity of the city fringe, in areas corresponding to Newton and Novena Tanjong Rhu. These new launch projects are popular due to their proximity to town heart, the place the enterprise and entertainment centers and all the amenities they provide, but they're usually cheaper than the City core region tasks. Why submit cheques to register for new property launches in Singapore? Riversails Apartment @ Higher Serangoon LakeVille @ Jurong Lakeside Condo by MCL Ferra Condo @ Leonie Hill

• Feature-based approach : Motion parameters are estimated from point correspondences. This approach is suitable for the case that there is plenty supply of stable and detectable features.

• Featureless approach : When the motion between the two images is small, the motion parameters are estimated using optical flow. On the other hand, when the motion between the two images is large, the motion parameters are estimated using generalised cross-correlation. However, this approach requires a computationally expensive resources.

Each image is segmented into a hierarchy of columns, lines and words in order to match with the organised sets of features across images. Skew angle estimation and columns, lines and words finding are the examples of feature detection operations.

Skew angle estimation

Firstly, the angle that the rows of text make with the image raster lines (skew angle) is estimated. It is assumed to lie in the range of ±20°. A small patch of text in the image is selected randomly and then rotated in the range of ±20° until the variance of the pixel intensities of the patch summed along the raster lines is maximised. See Figure 2.

In order to ensure that the found skew angle is accurate, the document mosaic system performs calculation at many image patches and derive the final estimation by finding the average of the individual angles weighted by the variance of the pixel intensities of each patch.

Columns, lines and words finding

In this operation, the de-skewed document is intuitively segmented into a hierarchy of columns, lines and words. The sensitivity to illumination and page coloration of the de-skewed document can be removed by applying a Sobel operator to the de-skewed image and thresholding the output to obtain the binary gradient, de-skewed image. See Figure 3.

The operation can be roughly separated into 3 steps : column segmentation, line segmentation and word segmentation.

1. Columns are easily segmented from the binary gradient, de-skewed images by summing pixels vertically as shown in Figure 4.
2. Baselines of each row are segmented in the same way as the column segmentation process but horizontally.
3. Finally, individual words are segmented by applying the vertical process at each segmented row.

These segmentations are important because the document mosaic will be created by matching the lower right corners of words in overlapping images pair. Moreover, the segmentation operation can organize the list of images in the context of a hierarchy of rows and column reliably.

The segmentation operation involves a considerable amount of summing in the binary gradient, de-skewed images, which done by construct a matrix of partial sums whose elements are given by

$p_{iy}=\sum _{u=1}^{i}\sum _{v=1}^{j}b_{uv}$

The matrix of partial sums is calculated in one pass through the binary gradient, de-skewed image.

$\sum _{u=u_{1}}^{u_{2}}\sum _{v=v_{1}}^{v_{2}}b_{uv}=p_{u_{2}v_{2}}+p_{u_{1}v_{1}}-p_{u_{1}v_{2}}-p_{u_{2}v_{1}}$

Correspondences establishing

The two images are now organized in hierarchy of linked lists in following structure :

• image = list of columns
• row = list of words
• column = list of row
• word = length (in pixels)

At the bottom of the structure, the length of each word is recorded for establishing correspondence between two images in order to reduce to search only the corresponding structures for the groups of words with the matching lengths.

Seed match finding

A seed match finding is done by comparing each row in image1 with each row in image2. The two rows are then compared to each other by every word. If the length (in pixel) of the two words (one from image1 and one from image2) and their immediate neighbours agree with each other within a predefined tolerance threshold (5 pixels, for example), then they are assumed to be matched. The row of each image is assumed to be matched if there are three or more word matches between the two rows. The seed match finding operation is terminated when two pairs of consecutive row match are found.

Match List Building

After finish a seed match finding operation, the next process is to build the match list to generate the correspondences points of the two images. The process is done by searching the matching pairs of rows away from the seed row.

Images mosaicing

Figure 5 : Mosaicing of two document images. Blurring is evident in the affine mosaic (b), but not in the mosaic constructed using a plane-to-plane projectivity (a). Close-ups of typical seams of (a) and (b) are shown in (c) and (d) respectively.

Given the list of corresponding points of the two images, finding the transformation of the overlapping portion of the images is next process to be performed. Assuming a pinhole camera model, the transformation between pixels (u,v) of image 1 and pixels (u0, v0) of image 2 is demonstrated by a plane-to-plane projectivity.

$\left[{\begin{array}{c}su'\\sv'\\s\end{array}}\right]=\left[{\begin{array}{ccc}p_{11}&p_{12}&p_{13}\\p_{21}&p_{22}&p_{23}\\p_{31}&p_{32}&1\end{array}}\right]\left[{\begin{array}{c}u\\v\\1\end{array}}\right]\qquad Eq.1$

The parameters of the projectivity is found from four pairs of matching points. RANSAC regression technique is used to reject outlying matches and estimate the projectivity from the remaining good matches.

The projectivity is fine-tuned using correlation at the corners of the overlapping portion in order to obtain four correspondences to sub-pixel accuracy. Therefore, image1 is then transformed into image2’s coordinate system using Eq.1. The typical result of the process is shown in Figure 5.

Many images coping

Finally, the whole page composition is built up by mapping all the images into the coordinate system of an “anchor” image, which is normally the one nearest the page center. The transformations to the anchor frame are calculated by concatenating the pair-wise transformations which found earlier. The raw document mosaic is shown in Figure 6.

However, there might be a problem of non-consecutive images that are overlap. This problem can be solved by performing Hierarchical sub-mosaics. As shown in Figure 7, image1 and image2 are registered, as are image3 and image4, creating two sub-mosaics. These two sub-mosaics are later stitched together in another mosaicing process.

Applied areas

There are various areas that the technique of document mosaicing can be applied to such as :

• Text segmentation of images of documents
• Document Recognition
• Interaction with paper on the digital desk
• Video mosaics for virtual environments
• Image registration techniques

Relevant research papers

• T. S Huang, A.N. Netravali. [1] Motion structure from feature correspondences : A review, Proceedings of the IEEE 82 (2) (1984), 252–268.
• D.G. Lowe. [2] Perceptual Organization and Visual Recognition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1985.
• M. Irani, S. Peleg. [3] Improving resolution by image registration, CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing 53 (3) (1991), 231 – 239.
• P. Shivakumara, G. Hemantha Kumar, D. S. Guru, and P. Nagabhushan. [4] Sliding window based approach for document image mosaicing. Image Vision Comput. 24, 1 (January 2006), 94–100.
• [5] Camera-Based Document Image Mosaicing. (n.d.). Image (Rochester, N.Y.), 1.
• Kumar, G. H., Shivakumara, P., Guru, D. S., & Nagabhushan, [www.ias.ac.in/sadhana/Pdf2004Jun/Pe1149.pdf] Document image mosaicing : A novel approach. Text, 29(June), 329–341.
• Sato, T., Ikeda, S., Kanbara, M., Iketani, A., Nakajima, N., Yokoya, N., & Yamada, K. (n.d.). [6] High-resolution Video Mosaicing for Documents and Photos by Estimating Camera Motion. Mosaic A Journal For The Interdisciplinary Study Of Literature.

Bibliography

• One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
  
  In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
  
  Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
  
  Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
  
  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
  The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
  
  There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

External links

• Advanced Vision homepage