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[[Image:Turnsignals On.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|The blinking [[turn signal]] on vehicles is generated by a simple relaxation oscillator]]
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In [[electronics]] a '''relaxation oscillator''' is a [[linear circuit|nonlinear]] [[electronic oscillator]] circuit that produces a [[sinusoid|nonsinusoidal]] repetitive output signal, such as a [[triangle wave]] or [[square wave]].<ref name="Graf">{{cite book 
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  | last = Graf
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  | first = Rudolf F.
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  | title = Modern Dictionary of Electronics
  | publisher = Newnes
  | date = 1999
  | location =
  | pages = 638
  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=uah1PkxWeKYC&pg=PA638
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 0750698667}}</ref><ref name="Edson">{{cite book 
  | last = Edson
  | first = William A.
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title = Vacuum Tube Oscillators
  | publisher = John Wiley and Sons
  | date = 1953
  | location = New York
  | pages = 3
  | url = http://www.tubebooks.org/Books/vto.pdf
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = }} on Peter Millet's [http://www.tubebooks.org Tubebooks] website </ref><ref name=" Morris">{{cite book 
  | last =  Morris
  | first = Christopher G. Morris
  | title = Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology
  | publisher = Gulf Professional Publishing
  | date = 1992
  | location =
  | pages = 1829
  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nauWlPTBcjIC&pg=PA1829
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 0122004000 }}</ref><ref name="Du">{{cite book 
  | last = Du
  | first = Ke-Lin
  | coauthors =  M. N. S. Swamy
  | title = Wireless Communication Systems: From RF Subsystems to 4G Enabling Technologies
  | publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press
  | date = 2010
  | location =
  | pages = 443
  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=5dGjKLawsTkC&pg=PA443&dq=%22relaxation+oscillator
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 1139485768}}</ref> The circuit consists of a [[feedback loop]] containing a switching device such as a [[transistor]], [[comparator]], [[relay]],<ref name="Varigonda">{{cite journal
  | last = Varigonda
  | first = Subbarao
  | coauthors = Tryphon T. Georgiou
  | title = Dynamics of Relay Relaxation Oscillators
  | journal = IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control
  | volume = 46
  | issue = 1
  | pages = 65
  | publisher = Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
  | location =
  | date = January 2001
  | url = http://www.ece.umn.edu/~georgiou/papers/DynamicsOfRelay.pdf
  | issn =
  | doi =
  | id =
  | accessdate = February 22, 2014}}</ref> [[op amp]],  or a [[negative resistance]] device like a [[tunnel diode]],  that repetitively charges a [[capacitor]] or [[inductor]] through a resistance until it reaches a threshold level, then discharges it again.<ref name="Du" /><ref name="HyperPhysics">{{cite web
  | last = Nave
  | first = Carl R.
  | title = Relaxation Oscillator Concept
  | work = [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html  HyperPhysics]
  | publisher = Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State Univ.
  | date = 2014
  | url = http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/relaxo.html
  | format =
  | doi =
  | accessdate = February 22, 2014}}</ref>  The [[frequency|period]] of the oscillator depends on the [[time constant]] of the capacitor or inductor circuit.<ref name="Edson" />  The active device switches abruptly between charging and discharging modes, and thus produces a discontinuously changing repetitive waveform.<ref name="Edson" /><ref name="Du" />  This contrasts with the other type of electronic oscillator, the harmonic or [[electronic oscillator#linear oscillator|linear oscillator]], which uses an [[amplifier]] with feedback to excite [[resonant]] oscillations in a [[resonator]], producing a [[sine wave]].<ref name="Oliveira">{{cite book 
  | last = Oliveira
  | first = Luis B.
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors = et al
  | title = Analysis and Design of Quadrature Oscillators
  | publisher = Springer
  | date = 2008
  | location =
  | pages = 24
  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=e5Yck9AWiPkC&pg=PA24
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 1402085168}}</ref>  The difference between the two types is that in a linear oscillator the circuit operates close to [[linearity]], while in a relaxation oscillator one of the components, the switching device, operates in an extremely nonlinear fashion, in a saturated condition, during most of the cycle.<ref name="Oliveira" /> 


The term ''relaxation oscillator'' is also applied to [[dynamic system]]s in many diverse areas of science that produce nonlinear oscillations and can be analyzed using the same mathematical model as electronic relaxation oscillators.<ref name="Wang">{{cite conference
Registered users will be able to choose between the following three rendering modes:  
  | first = Wang
  | last = DeLiang
  | title = Relaxation oscillators and networks
  | booktitle = Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 18
  | pages = 396-405
  | publisher = Wiley & Sons
  | date = 1999
  | location =
  | url = http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~dwang/papers/Wang99.pdf
  | doi =
  | id =
  | accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Sauro">{{cite web
  | last = Sauro
  | first = Herbert M.
  | title = Oscillatory Circuits
  | work = Class notes: Systems and Synthetic Biology 492A
  | publisher = Sauro Lab, Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Washington
  | date = 2009
  | url = http://sbw.kgi.edu/sbwwiki/_media/sysbio/labmembers/hsauro/oscillatorycircuitsb.pdf
  | format =
  | doi =
  | accessdate = February 2, 2014}} p. 10-12, 22, 23</ref><ref name="Letellier1">{{cite book 
  | last = Letellier
  | first = Christopher
  | title = Chaos in Nature
  | publisher = World Scientific
  | date = 2013
  | location =
  | pages = 132-133
  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Lpc0KhOaioIC&pg=PA132
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 9814374423}}</ref>  For example geothermal [[geyser]]s,<ref name="Enns">{{cite book 
  | last = Enns
  | first = Richard H.
  | coauthors = George C. McGuire
  | title = Nonlinear Physics with Mathematica for Scientists and Engineers
  | publisher = Springer
  | date = 2001
  | location =
  | pages = 277
  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=TPyUQ1xnjBoC&pg=PA277&dq=%22relaxation+oscillator
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 0817642234}}</ref><ref name="Pippard">{{cite book 
  | last = Pippard
  | first = A. B.
  | title = The Physics of Vibration
  | publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press
  | date = 2007
  | location =
  | pages = 359-361
  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=F8-9UNvsCBoC&pg=PA360
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 0521033330}}</ref> networks of firing [[nerve cell]]s,<ref name="Letellier1" /> [[thermostat]] controlled heating systems,<ref name="Pippard1">[http://books.google.com/books?id=F8-9UNvsCBoC&pg=PA41    Pippard, The Physics of Vibration, p. 41-42]</ref> coupled chemical reactions,<ref name="Sauro" /> the beating human heart,<ref name="Letellier1" /><ref name="Pippard1" /> earthquakes,<ref name="Enns" /> the squeaking of chalk on a blackboard,<ref name="Pippard1" /> the cyclic populations of predator and prey animals, and [[gene activation]] systems<ref name="Sauro" />  have been modeled as relaxation oscillators.  Relaxation oscillations are characterized by two alternating processes on different time scales: a long  [[relaxation (physics)|relaxation]] period during which the system approaches an [[equilibrium point]], alternating with a short impulsive period in which the equilibrium point shifts.<ref name="Enns" /><ref name="Letellier1" /><ref name="Pippard" /><ref name="Kinoshita">{{cite conference
  | first = Shuichi
  | last = Kinoshita
  | title = Introduction to Nonequilibrium Phenomena
  | booktitle = Pattern Formations and Oscillatory Phenomena
  | pages = 17
  | publisher = Newnes
  | date = 2013
  | location =
  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=geQWCKsFhcUC&pg=PA17
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 012397299X
  | accessdate = February 24, 2014}}</ref>  The [[frequency|period]] of a relaxation oscillator is mainly determined by the [[relaxation time]] constant.<ref name="Letellier1" />  Relaxation oscillations are a type of [[limit cycle]] and are studied in [[nonlinear control]] theory.<ref name="Leigh">see Ch. 9, "Limit cycles and relaxation oscillations" in {{cite book 
  | last =  Leigh
  | first = James R.
  | title = Essentials of Nonlinear Control Theory
  | publisher = Institute of Electrical Engineers
  | date = 1983
  | location =
  | pages = 66-70
  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=oejayuS7ZB8C&pg=PA70&dq=%22relaxation+oscillations
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 0906048966}}</ref>


==Electronic relaxation oscillators==
'''MathML'''
The first relaxation oscillator circuit, the [[astable multivibrator]], was invented by [[Henri Abraham]] and Eugene Bloch using [[vacuum tube]]s during World War 1.<ref name="Abraham">{{cite journal
:<math forcemathmode="mathml">E=mc^2</math>
  | last = Abraham
  | first = H.
  | coauthors = E. Bloch
  | title = Mesure en valeur absolue des périodes des oscillations électriques de haute fréquence (Measurement of the periods of high frequency electrical oscillations)
  | journal = Annales de Physique
  | volume = 9
  | issue = 1
  | pages = 237-302
  | publisher = Société Française de Physique
  | location = Paris
  | date = 1919
  | url = http://jphystap.journaldephysique.org/articles/jphystap/abs/1919/01/jphystap_1919__9__211_0/jphystap_1919__9__211_0.html
  | issn =
  | doi = 10.1051/jphystap:019190090021100
  | id =
  | accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="Letellier">{{cite book 
  | last = Letellier
  | first = Christopher
  | title = Chaos in Nature
  | publisher = World Scientific
  | date = 2013
  | location =
  | pages = 113, 116-119
  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Lpc0KhOaioIC&pg=PA116
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 9814374423}}</ref>  [[Balthasar van der Pol]] originated the term, first distinguished relaxation oscillations from harmonic oscillations, and derived the first mathematical model of a relaxation oscillator, the [[Van der Pol oscillator]], in 1920.<ref name="Van Der Pol">{{cite journal
  | last = Van Der Pol
  | first = Balthasar
  | title = On Relaxation-Oscillations
  | journal = The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine 2
  | volume = 2
  | issue =
  | pages = 978-992
  | publisher =
  | date = 1927
  | url =
  | issn =
  | doi =
  | id =
  | accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="Letellier" />  Van der Pol borrowed the term ''[[relaxation (physics)|relaxation]]'' from mechanics; the discharge of the capacitor is analogous to the process of ''[[stress relaxation]]'', the gradual disappearance of deformation and return to equilibrium in a [[inelastic]] medium.<ref name="Shukla">{{cite paper
  | first = Jai Karan N.
  | last =  Shukla
  | title = Discontinuous Theory of Relaxation Oscillators
  | version = Master of Science thesis
  | publisher = Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Kansas State Univ.
  | date = 1965
  | url = https://archive.org/stream/discontinuousthe00shuk#page/n1/mode/2up
  | format =
  | accessdate = February 23, 2014}}</ref>  


Relaxation oscillators are generally used to produce low [[frequency]] signals for such applications as blinking lights, electronic beepers, horizontal deflection circuits and time bases for CRT [[oscilloscope]]s, and [[clock signal]]s in some digital circuits.  They are also used in [[voltage controlled oscillator]]s (VCOs),<ref name="Abidi">{{cite conference
<!--'''PNG'''  (currently default in production)
  | first = Assad A.
:<math forcemathmode="png">E=mc^2</math>
  | last = Abidi
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors = Robert J. Meyer
  | title = Noise in Relaxation Oscillators
  | booktitle = Monolithic Phase-Locked Loops and Clock Recovery Circuits: Theory and Design
  | pages = 182
  | publisher = John Wiley and Sons
  | date = 1996
  | location =
  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nyxGjjF-cHIC&pg=PA182
  | doi =
  | id =
  | accessdate = 0780311493}}</ref> [[inverter (electrical)|inverter]]s and [[switching power supply|switching power supplies]], [[dual-slope ADC|dual-slope analog to digital converters]], and in [[function generator]]s to produce square and triangle waves.  One large application in modern society is the [[electronic ballast]] in the base of [[compact fluorescent lamp]]s.  Relaxation oscillators are widely used because they are easier to design than linear oscillators, are easier to fabricate on [[integrated circuit]] chips because they do not require inductors like LC oscillators,<ref name="Abidi" /><ref name="van der Tang" />  and can be tuned over a wide frequency range.<ref name="van der Tang">{{cite book 
  | last = van der Tang
  | first = J.
  | coauthors = Dieter Kasperkovitz, Arthur H.M. van Roermund
  | title = High-Frequency Oscillator Design for Integrated Transceivers
  | publisher = Springer
  | date = 2006
  | location =
  | pages = 12
  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=0rniokw7bLkC&pg=PT21
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 0306487160}}</ref>  However they have more [[phase noise]]<ref name="Abidi" /> and poorer [[frequency stability]] than linear oscillators.<ref name="Edson" /><ref name="Abidi" /> Before the advent of microelectronics, simple relaxation oscillators often used a [[negative resistance]] device with [[hysteresis]] such as a [[thyratron]] tube, [[neon lamp]], or [[unijunction transistor]], however today they are more often built with dedicated integrated circuits such as the [[555 timer IC|555 timer]] chip.


== Pearson&ndash;Anson electronic relaxation oscillator ==
'''source'''
[[Image:NeonBulbRelaxationOscillator.svg|thumb|[[Circuit diagram]] of a capacitive relaxation oscillator with a neon lamp threshold device]]
:<math forcemathmode="source">E=mc^2</math> -->
{{main|Pearson-Anson effect}}


This example can be implemented with a [[capacitor|capacitive]] or [[RC circuit|resistive-capacitive integrating circuit]] driven respectively by a constant [[Current source|current]] or [[voltage source]], and a threshold device with [[hysteresis]] ([[neon lamp]], [[thyratron]], [[diac]], reverse-biased [[bipolar transistor]],<ref>http://members.shaw.ca/roma/twenty-three.html</ref> or [[unijunction transistor]]) connected in parallel to the capacitor. The capacitor is charged by the input source causing the voltage across the capacitor to rise. The threshold device does not conduct at all until the capacitor voltage reaches its threshold (trigger) voltage. It then increases heavily its conductance in an avalanche-like manner because of the inherent positive feedback, which quickly discharges the capacitor. When the voltage across the capacitor drops to some lower threshold voltage, the device stops conducting and the capacitor begins charging again, and the cycle repeats [[ad infinitum]].
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If the threshold element is a [[neon lamp]],<ref group="nb">When a (neon) cathode glow lamp or thyratron are used as the trigger devices a second resistor with a value of a few tens to hundreds ohms is often placed in series with the gas trigger device to limit the current from the discharging capacitor and prevent the electrodes of the lamp rapidly [[sputter]]ing away or the cathode coating of the thyratron being damaged by the repeated pulses of heavy current.</ref><ref group="nb">Trigger devices with a third control connection, such as the thyratron or unijunction transistor allow the timing of the discharge of the capacitor to be synchronized with a control pulse. Thus the sawtooth output can be synchronized to signals produced by other circuit elements as it is often used as a scan waveform for a display, such as a [[cathode ray tube]].</ref> the circuit also provides a flash of light with each discharge of the capacitor. This lamp example is depicted below in the typical circuit used to describe the [[Pearson&ndash;Anson effect]]. The discharging duration can be extended by connecting an additional resistor in series to the threshold element. The two resistors form a voltage divider; so, the additional resistor has to have low enough resistance to reach the low threshold.
==Demos==


=== Alternative implementation with 555 timer ===
Here are some [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles/Frederic.wang demos]:


A similar relaxation oscillator can be built with a [[555 timer|555 timer IC]] (acting in astable mode) that takes the place of the neon bulb above. That is, when a chosen capacitor is charged to a design value, (e.g., 2/3 of the power supply voltage) [[comparator]]s within the 555 timer flip a transistor switch that gradually discharges that capacitor through a chosen resistor (RC Time Constant) to ground. At the instant the capacitor falls to a sufficiently low value (e.g., 1/3 of the power supply voltage), the switch flips to let the capacitor charge up again. The popular 555's comparator design permits accurate operation with any supply from 5 to 15 volts or even wider.


Other, non-comparator oscillators may have unwanted timing changes if the supply voltage changes.
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== Comparator&ndash;based electronic relaxation oscillator ==
==Test pages ==


Alternatively, when the capacitor reaches each threshold, the charging source can be switched from the positive power supply to the negative power supply or vice versa. This case is shown in the [[comparator]]-based implementation here.
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[[Image:OpAmpHystereticOscillator.svg|thumb|A comparator-based hysteretic oscillator.]]
*[[Inputtypes|Inputtypes (private Wikis only)]]
 
*[[Url2Image|Url2Image (private Wikis only)]]
This relaxation oscillator is a hysteretic oscillator, named this way because of the [[hysteresis]] created by the [[positive feedback]] loop implemented with the [[comparator]] (similar to, but different from, an [[operational amplifier|op-amp]]). A circuit that implements this form of hysteretic switching is known as a [[Schmitt trigger]]. Alone, the trigger is a [[bistable multivibrator]]. However, the slow [[negative feedback]] added to the trigger by the RC circuit causes the circuit to oscillate automatically. That is, the addition of the RC circuit turns the hysteretic bistable [[multivibrator]] into an [[astable multivibrator]].
==Bug reporting==
 
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=== General Concept ===
The system is in unstable equilibrium if both the inputs and outputs of the comparator are at zero volts. The moment any sort of noise, be it thermal or [[Electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic]] [[noise]] brings the output of the comparator above zero (the case of the comparator output going below zero is also possible, and a similar argument to what follows applies), the positive feedback in the comparator results in the output of the comparator saturating at the positive rail.
 
In other words, because the output of the comparator is now positive, the non-inverting input to the comparator is also positive, and continues to increase as the output increases, due to the [[voltage divider]].  After a short time, the output of the comparator is the positive voltage rail, <math>V_{DD}</math>.
 
[[Image:Series-RC.svg|thumb|Series RC Circuit]]
 
The inverting input and the output of the comparator are linked by a [[Series and parallel circuits#Series_circuits|series]] [[RC circuit]].  Because of this, the inverting input of the comparator asymptotically approaches the comparator output voltage with a [[time constant]] RC.  At the point where voltage at the inverting input is greater than the non-inverting input, the output of the comparator falls quickly due to positive feedback.
 
This is because the non-inverting input is less than the inverting input, and as the output continues to decrease, the difference between the inputs gets more and more negative. Again, the inverting input approaches the comparator's output voltage asymptotically, and the cycle repeats itself once the non-inverting input is greater than the inverting input, hence the system oscillates.
 
=== Example: Differential Equation Analysis of comparator-based Relaxation Oscillator ===
 
[[Image:opamprelaxationoscillator.svg|thumb|300px|Transient analysis of a comparator-based relaxation oscillator.]]
 
<math>\, \! V_+</math> is set by <math>\, \! V_{out}</math> across a resistive [[voltage divider]]:
 
:<math>V_+ = \frac{V_{out}}{2}</math>
 
<math>\, \! V_-</math> is obtained using [[Ohm's law]] and the [[capacitor]] [[differential equation]]:
 
:<math>\frac{V_{out}-V_-}{R}=C\frac{dV_-}{dt}</math>
 
Rearranging the <math>\, \! V_-</math> differential equation into standard form results in the following:
 
:<math>\frac{dV_-}{dt}+\frac{V_-}{RC}=\frac{V_{out}}{RC}</math>
 
Notice there are two solutions to the differential equation, the driven or particular solution and the homogeneous solution. Solving for the driven solution, observe that for this particular form, the solution is a constant. In other words, <math>\, \! V_-=A</math> where A is a constant and <math>\frac{dV_-}{dt}=0</math>.
 
:<math>\frac{A}{RC}=\frac{V_{out}}{RC}</math>
 
:<math>\, \! A=V_{out}</math>
 
Using the [[Laplace transform]] to solve the [[Homogeneous polynomial|homogeneous equation]] <math>\frac{dV_-}{dt}+\frac{V_-}{RC}=0</math> results in
 
:<math>V_-=Be^{\frac{-1}{RC}t}</math>
 
<math>\, \!  V_-</math> is the sum of the particular and homogeneous solution.
 
:<math>V_-=A+Be^{\frac{-1}{RC}t}</math>
 
:<math>V_-=V_{out}+Be^{\frac{-1}{RC}t}</math>
 
Solving for B requires evaluation of the initial conditions.  At time 0, <math>V_{out}=V_{dd}</math> and <math>\, \! V_-=0</math>. Substituting into our previous equation,
 
:<math>\, \! 0=V_{dd}+B</math>
 
:<math>\, \! B=-V_{dd}</math>
 
==== Frequency of Oscillation ====
First let's assume that <math>V_{dd} = -V_{ss}</math> for ease of calculation.  Ignoring the initial charge up of the capacitor, which is irrelevant for calculations of the frequency, note that charges and discharges oscillate between <math>\frac{V_{dd}}{2}</math> and <math>\frac{V_{ss}}{2}</math>.  For the circuit above, V<sub>ss</sub> must be less than 0. Half of the period (T) is the same as time that <math>V_{out}</math> switches from V<sub>dd</sub>. This occurs when V<sub>-</sub> charges up from <math>-\frac{V_{dd}}{2}</math> to <math>\frac{V_{dd}}{2}</math>.
 
:<math>V_-=A+Be^{\frac{-1}{RC}t}</math>
 
:<math>\frac{V_{dd}}{2}=V_{dd}(1-\frac{3}{2}e^{\frac{-1}{RC}\frac{T}{2}})</math>
 
:<math>\frac{1}{3}=e^{\frac{-1}{RC}\frac{T}{2}}</math>
 
:<math>\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)=\frac{-1}{RC}\frac{T}{2}</math>
 
:<math>\, \! T=2\ln(3)RC</math>
 
:<math>\, \! f=\frac{1}{2\ln(3)RC}</math>
 
When V<sub>ss</sub> is not the inverse of V<sub>dd</sub> we need to worry about asymmetric charge up and discharge times.  Taking this into account we end up with a formula of the form:
 
:<math>T = (RC) \left[\ln\left( \frac{2V_{ss}-V_{dd}}{V_{ss}}\right) + \ln\left( \frac{2V_{dd}-V_{ss}}{V_{dd}} \right)  \right]</math>
 
Which reduces to the above result in the case that <math>V_{dd} = -V_{ss}</math>.
 
== Practical examples of the use of the relaxation oscillator ==
 
This type of circuit was used as the [[time base]] in early [[oscilloscope]]s and television receivers. Variants of this circuit find use in [[stroboscope]]s used in machine shops and nightclubs. Electronic camera flashes are a monostable version of this circuit, generating ''one cycle'' of the sawtooth. The rising edge develops as the flash capacitor is charged, and the rapid falling edge as the capacitor is discharged. The flash is produced upon receiving the firing signal from the shutter button.
Use as a timebase in oscilloscopes was discontinued when the much more linear [[Miller Integrator]]  timebase circuit (invented by [[Alan Blumlein]]), using "hard" valves (vacuum tubes) as a constant current source, was developed.
<ref>Book: Time Bases, by Owen Standige Puckle, ca. 1946</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[Multivibrator]]
* [[FitzHugh&ndash;Nagumo model]] &nbsp;&ndash; A hysteretic model of, for example, a neuron.
* [[Schmitt trigger]]&nbsp;&ndash; The circuit on which the comparator-based relaxation oscillator is based.
* [[Unijunction transistor]] A transistor capable of relaxation oscillations.
* [[Robert Kearns]]&nbsp;&ndash; Used relaxation oscillator in intermittent wiper patent dispute.
* [[stable limit cycle]] &nbsp;&ndash; a more abstract concept; a relaxation oscillator has a stable limit cycle
* [[FitzHugh&ndash;Nagumo model]] &nbsp;&ndash; A hysteretic model of, for example, a pokémon.
 
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="nb"}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
{{Commons category|Relaxation oscillators}}
 
[[Category:Oscillators]]

Latest revision as of 22:52, 15 September 2019

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