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{{other persons}}
This is a preview for the new '''MathML rendering mode''' (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.
'''Edward Nelson''' (born May 4, 1932, in [[Decatur, Georgia]]) is a professor in the Mathematics Department at [[Princeton University]].    He is known for his work on [[mathematical physics]] and [[mathematical logic]].  In mathematical logic, he is noted especially for his [[internal set theory]], and his controversial views on [[ultrafinitism]] and the [[consistency]] of [[Peano arithmetic|arithmetic]].


==Career==
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Nelson received his Ph.D. in 1955 from the [[University of Chicago]], where he worked with [[Irving Segal]].
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He was a member of the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] from 1956–1959.  He has held a position at [[Princeton University]] from 1959 to the present, attaining the rank of professor there in 1964.


==Early work==
'''MathML'''
:<math forcemathmode="mathml">E=mc^2</math>


Nelson has made contributions to the theory of infinite dimensional [[group representation]]s, the mathematical treatment of [[quantum field theory]], the use of [[stochastic process]]es in [[quantum mechanics]], and the reformulation of [[probability theory]] in terms of [[non-standard analysis]].
<!--'''PNG'''  (currently default in production)
:<math forcemathmode="png">E=mc^2</math>


For many years he worked on [[mathematical physics]] and probability theory, and still has a residual interest in these fields, particularly in possible extensions of stochastic mechanics to [[field theory (physics)|field theory]].
'''source'''
:<math forcemathmode="source">E=mc^2</math> -->


In 1950, Nelson formulated a popular variant of the [[four color problem]]. What is the chromatic number, denoted <math>\chi</math>, of the plane? In more detail, what is the smallest number of colors sufficient for coloring the points of the Euclidean plane in such a way that no two points of the same color are unit distance apart?<ref>p.23, Soifer, Alexander (2008); The Mathematical Coloring Book: Mathematics of Coloring and the Colorful Life of its Creators; New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-74640-1</ref> We know by simple arguments that 4&nbsp;≤&nbsp;''&chi;''&nbsp;≤&nbsp;7. The problem was introduced to a wide mathematical audience by [[Martin Gardner]] in his October 1960 [[Mathematical Games]] column. The chromatic number problem, also now known as the [[Hadwiger–Nelson problem]], was also a favorite of [[Paul Erdős]], who mentioned it frequently in his problems lectures.
<span style="color: red">Follow this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering link] to change your Math rendering settings.</span> You can also add a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin Custom CSS] to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Math#CSS_for_the_MathML_with_SVG_fallback_mode these examples].


==Work on foundations==
==Demos==
In recent years he has been working on mathematical logic and the foundations of mathematics. One of his goals is to extend IST ([[Internal Set Theory]]—a version of a portion of [[Abraham Robinson]]'s [[non-standard analysis]]) in a natural way to include external functions and sets, in a way that provides an external function with specified properties unless there is a finitary obstacle to its existence. Other work centers on fragments of arithmetic, studying the divide between those theories interpretable in [[Robinson arithmetic|Raphael Robinson's Arithmetic]] and those that are not; [[computational complexity theory|computational complexity]], including the problem of whether [[P = NP problem|P is equal to NP or not]]; and automated proof checking.


In September 2011, Nelson announced that his he had proved that [[Peano arithmetic]] was logically inconsistent. An error was found in the proof, and he retracted the claim.
Here are some [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles/Frederic.wang demos]:


==Notes==
{{reflist}}


==References==
* accessibility:
* [http://math.princeton.edu/~nelson/cv.pdf Curriculum Vitae]
** Safari + VoiceOver: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VoiceOver-Mac-Safari.ogv video only], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-7]]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Audio-Windows7-InternetExplorer.ogg Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (audio)]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-SynchronizedHighlighting-WIndows7-InternetExplorer.png Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (synchronized highlighting)]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Braille-Windows7-InternetExplorer.png Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (braille)]
** NVDA+MathPlayer: [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-7]].
** Orca: There is ongoing work, but no support at all at the moment [[File:Orca-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-7]].
** From our testing, ChromeVox and JAWS are not able to read the formulas generated by the MathML mode.


==See also==
==Test pages ==
*[[Influence of non-standard analysis]]


==External links==
To test the '''MathML''', '''PNG''', and '''source''' rendering modes, please go to one of the following test pages:
*[http://www.math.princeton.edu/~nelson/ Edward Nelson's Homepage]
*[[Displaystyle]]
*[[MathAxisAlignment]]
*[[Styling]]
*[[Linebreaking]]
*[[Unique Ids]]
*[[Help:Formula]]


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
*[[Inputtypes|Inputtypes (private Wikis only)]]
| NAME              = Nelson, Edward
*[[Url2Image|Url2Image (private Wikis only)]]
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
==Bug reporting==
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
If you find any bugs, please report them at [https://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=MediaWiki%20extensions&component=Math&version=master&short_desc=Math-preview%20rendering%20problem Bugzilla], or write an email to math_bugs (at) ckurs (dot) de .
| DATE OF BIRTH    = May 4, 1932
| PLACE OF BIRTH    =
| DATE OF DEATH    =
| PLACE OF DEATH    =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nelson, Edward}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:American mathematicians]]
[[Category:American logicians]]
[[Category:Set theorists]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University faculty]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mathematical physicists]]
 
 
[[de:Edward Nelson]]
[[fr:Edward Nelson (mathématicien)]]
[[ht:Edward Nelson]]

Latest revision as of 22:52, 15 September 2019

This is a preview for the new MathML rendering mode (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.

If you would like use the MathML rendering mode, you need a wikipedia user account that can be registered here [[1]]

  • Only registered users will be able to execute this rendering mode.
  • Note: you need not enter a email address (nor any other private information). Please do not use a password that you use elsewhere.

Registered users will be able to choose between the following three rendering modes:

MathML

E=mc2


Follow this link to change your Math rendering settings. You can also add a Custom CSS to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See these examples.

Demos

Here are some demos:


Test pages

To test the MathML, PNG, and source rendering modes, please go to one of the following test pages:

Bug reporting

If you find any bugs, please report them at Bugzilla, or write an email to math_bugs (at) ckurs (dot) de .

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