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| {{Infobox person
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| |name = Olinto De Pretto
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| |image = OlintoDePretto.JPG
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| |caption = Olinto De Pretto
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| |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1857|4|26}}
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| |birth_place = [[Schio]], Province of [[Vicenza]], [[italy]]
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| |death_date = 1921 (age 64)
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| |ethnicity = [[Italian people|Italian]]
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| |residence = Schio in Province of Vicenza Italy
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| |citizenship = Italian
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| |fields = {{Unbulleted list|[[Physics]]|[[Geology]]}}
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| |workplaces = {{Unbulleted list|Superior School of Agriculture, [[Milano]]|mechanical foundry mill|Alpinistic Circle}}
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| |alma_mater = Superior School of Agriculture, Milano
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| |academic_advisors = Gaetano Cantoni
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| |known_for = {{Unbulleted list|First [[derived]] E=mc<sup>2</sup>|[[Mass-energy equivalence]]|Radioactive Decay|Effects of [[glaciers]] on the formation of [[mountains]]|[[Agronomics]]}}
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| |footnotes = <!-- for any footnotes needed to clarify entries above -->
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| }}
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| '''Olinto De Pretto''' (1857–1921) was an [[Italy|Italian]] [[industrialist]] and [[Geology|geologist]] from [[Schio]], [[Vicenza]]. There are claims – most prominent by the Italian mathematician [[Umberto Bartocci]] – that De Pretto may have been the first person to derive the Energy-Mass-Equivalence <math>E=mc^2</math>, generally attributed to [[Albert Einstein]]. He suggested that radioactive decay of [[uranium]] and [[thorium]] was an example of mass transforming into energy. | |
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| ==Early life==
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| Olinto De Pretto was born on April 26, 1857 in Schio in the province of [[Vicenza]] in northern [[Italy]]. Olinto was the sixth of seven children (three boys, four girls). His mother was Angelica Boschetti (1822–1905). His father, Pietro De Pretto (1810–1891), was an [[architect]] whose hobbies included [[astronomy]] and [[geology]], two studies Olinto would later take up.
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| He attended the Superior School of Agriculture in Milano where he studied [[agriculture]] and [[geology]] with a major in [[Agronomics]]. He graduated in 1879 with a degree in Agronomics. Immediately upon graduation he became a university assistant to [[:it:Gaetano Cantoni (agronomo)|Professor Gaetano Cantoni]], a [[Dean (education)|Dean]] of the agricultural school. Together they developed methods that helped modernize Italian agriculture by improving methods of crop rotation and analyzing soil chemistry.[http://www.itastreviglio.it/storiaInglese.php]
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| When Cantoni died in 1887, Olinto left the university and became a director at a mechanical [[foundry mill]] owned by his older brother Silvio, where he worked for the rest of his life.[http://www.cartesio-episteme.net/fis/depret-bombay.htm]
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| ==Early scientific research and papers== | | <!--'''PNG''' (currently default in production) |
| In 1888, as a result of his research with his brother Augusto, he published his first paper, "The Influence of the Raising and the Degradation of [[Mountains]] on the Development of [[Glaciers]]". In 1892, along with his brothers Augusto and Silvio they founded the Alpinistic Circle with Silvio as the first president. In 1896 the Bulletin of the Italian Society of Geology republished his article as "The Degradation of Mountains and Its Influence on Glaciers".[http://www.cartesio-episteme.net/fis/depret-bombay.htm]
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| In 1898, his paper titled "Glacial Epoch and [[Orology|Orografical]] Theory" was published in the Bulletin of the Italian Alpine Club.
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| In 1899, he published "Geological Signs in the Surroundings of Schio".
| | <span style="color: red">Follow this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering link] to change your Math rendering settings.</span> You can also add a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin Custom CSS] to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Math#CSS_for_the_MathML_with_SVG_fallback_mode these examples]. |
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| ==Contributions to physics and energy-mass-equivalence== | | ==Demos== |
| From 1899 to 1903 De Pretto began to study the emerging field of [[nuclear physics]] and its relationship to astronomy. He focused on the theory of [[luminiferous aether|aether]], a hypothetical substance at that time believed to fill all space.
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| As a result of his research on November 29, 1903 De Pretto published a 62-page paper in the ''Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti'', vol LXIII (''Proceedings of the Royal Veneto Institute of Science, Letters and Arts'') entitled "''Ipotesi dell'Etere nella Vita dell'Universo''" ("''Hypothesis of [[Aether theories|Aether]] in the Life of the Universe''"). The paper was endorsed by the famous astronomer [[Giovanni Schiaparelli]]. De Pretto's paper was later included in the proceedings of an Italian scientific institute The Royal Veneto Institute of Science.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olinto De Pretto|title=Ipotesi dell'etere nella vita dell'universo (Hypothesis of Aether in the Life of the Universe)|journal="Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti" (The Royal Veneto Institute of Science, Letters and Arts)|year=1903|volume=LXIII|issue=II|pages=439–500|url=http://www.cartesio-episteme.net/st/mem-depr-vf.htm}} (accepted November 23, 1903 and printed February 27, 1904)</ref>
| | Here are some [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles/Frederic.wang demos]: |
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| This theory was similar to [[Samuel Tolver Preston]]'s 1875 hypothesis that matter and energy might be interchangeable. De Pretto's theory was based on his [[hypothesis]] that a mass traveling at velocity ''v'' has the [[potential energy]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Challenging Modern Physics: Questioning Einstein's Relativity Theories
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| |first1=Al |last1=Kelly |publisher=Universal-Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=1-58112-437-6 |page=18 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XVLmihZnsvUC}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=XVLmihZnsvUC&pg=PA18 Extract of page 18] </ref> (''forza viva'') proportional to mv<sup>2</sup> (the exact formula is ½mv<sup>2</sup>). In the section of his paper headed ''Energy of the Ether and Potential Energy in Matter'', De Pretto wrote:
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| :''Matter uses and stores energy as inertia, just like a steam engine that uses the energy in steam and stores energy in inertia as potential energy[... ] All components of a body are animated by infinitesimal but rapid movements equal to perhaps the ''vibration of the ether''. It must be concluded that the matter in any body contains the sum of the energy represented by the entire mass of that body if it could move through space with the speed of a single particle.''<ref>{{cite book |first1=Al |last1=Kelly}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=XVLmihZnsvUC&pg=PA17 Extract of page 17] </ref> | | * accessibility: |
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| By theorizing "vibration of the ether", De Pretto asserted that mass is vibrating energy and that mass and energy are therefore interchangeable. He then speculated that ordinary matter may be considered to be vibrating at the [[speed of light]] c.
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| According to De Pretto,
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| :''The matter of any body contains within it a sum of energy represented by the entire mass of the body[... ] Nobody will easily admit that, stored in a latent state, in any kilogram of matter, completely hidden to all our investigations, hides such a sum of energy, equivalent to the amount that can be extracted from [burning] millions and millions of kilograms of coal."''
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| ===½mv² versus mc²===
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| De Pretto used the expression <math>mv^2</math> for the "[[vis viva]]" and the energy store within matter, where he identified v with the [[speed of light]]. His formula is apparently in agreement with [[Albert Einstein]]'s formula <math>E=mc^2</math> for [[mass-energy equivalence]], which was derived by Einstein as a consequence of [[special relativity]].
| | If you find any bugs, please report them at [https://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=MediaWiki%20extensions&component=Math&version=master&short_desc=Math-preview%20rendering%20problem Bugzilla], or write an email to math_bugs (at) ckurs (dot) de . |
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| However, Umberto Bartocci (professor of mathematics and a critic of [[relativity theory]]) speculated about a possible influence of De Pretto on Einstein. On the other hand, Ignazio Marchioro argued that there is no connection, since the theory of De Pretto was based on the aether (a superseded theory not present in special relativity), and also that De Pretto's formula is only a variation of the kinetic energy formula. While Bartocci agrees that De Pretto's theory is not connected with relativity, he is still of the opinion that his thoughts on the energy reservoir within matter could have influenced Einstein.
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| {{See|Mass–energy equivalence#History}}
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| ===Radioactive decay===
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| De Pretto's paper discussed the [[radioactive decay]] of [[uranium]] and [[thorium]] and was the first to conclude that this decay was energy transformation from mass into energy. He also presented a hypothesis that the intense heat assumed to be in the center of the [[Earth]] (theory of central fire) was caused by the tremendous mass of the earth creating a massive radioactive core giving off heat and energy.
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| ==Honors==
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| In 1906 De Pretto was accepted as a member of [[Accademia dei Lincei]], a scientific organization whose members included [[Galileo Galilei]]. The director of the organization, [[Ernesto Mancini]], was also a member of [[The Royal Society of London]], an international scientific society. Mancini submitted De Pretto's paper to the Royal Society for international recognition. It was received favorably and was listed in the Society's ''[[International Catalogue of Scientific Literature]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Royal Society of London|title=International Catalogue of Scientific Literature|journal=International Catalogue of Scientific Literature|year=1906|issue=V|pages=83,160}} (printed November, 1906)</ref>
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| ==References== | |
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| ==External links==
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| *[http://www.cartesio-episteme.net/fis/depret-bombay.htm Interview with Dr Dhananjay Khadilkar on the life of Olinto de Pretto in 2005, biographical information extracted from Chicagoland's ''Italian American Voice'', Sep. 2001]
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| *[http://www.swif.uniba.it/lei/rassegna/020804a.htm Italian article supporting an opinion different from Barocci's]
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| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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| | NAME = De Pretto, Olinto
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION =
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| | DATE OF BIRTH = April 26, 1857
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| | PLACE OF BIRTH = Schio, province of Vicenza Italy
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| | DATE OF DEATH = 1921
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| | PLACE OF DEATH =
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:De Pretto, Olinto}}
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| [[Category:1857 births]]
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| [[Category:1921 deaths]]
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| [[Category:19th-century Italian people]]
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| [[Category:Italian physicists]]
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| [[Category:Italian geologists]]
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| [[de:Olinto De Pretto]]
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| [[es:Olinto De Pretto]]
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| [[fr:Olinto de Pretto]]
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| [[it:Olinto De Pretto]]
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| [[pt:Olinto De Pretto]]
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