Main Page: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(596 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
The following are examples of [[orders of magnitude]] for different [[length]]s.
This is a preview for the new '''MathML rendering mode''' (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.


{| align="right"
If you would like use the '''MathML''' rendering mode, you need a wikipedia user account that can be registered here [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:UserLogin/signup]]
|
* Only registered users will be able to execute this rendering mode.
|}
* Note: you need not enter a email address (nor any other private information). Please do not use a password that you use elsewhere.
{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=3px
! rowspan=2 | Section !! colspan=2 | Range ([[meter|m]]) !! rowspan=2 | Unit !! rowspan=2 | Example Items
|-
! ≥ !! <
|-
| Planck area || [[#lt 1E-15|？]] || 10<sup>−35</sup> || || [[Quantum foam]]
|-
| [[#Subatomic|Subatomic]] || [[#lt 1E-15|10<sup>−35</sup>]] || 10<sup>−15</sup> || [[attometre|am]] || [[electron]], [[quark]], [[String (physics)|string]]
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[#Atomic and cellular|Atomic and cellular]] || [[#1E-15|10<sup>−15</sup>]] || 10<sup>−12</sup> || [[femtometre|fm]] || [[atomic nucleus]], [[proton]], [[neutron]]
|-
| [[#1E-12|10<sup>−12</sup>]] || 10<sup>−9</sup> || [[picometre|pm]] || [[wavelength]] of [[gamma ray]]s and [[X-ray]]s, [[hydrogen]] atom
|-
| [[#1E-9|10<sup>−9</sup>]] || 10<sup>−6</sup> || [[nanometre|nm]] || [[DNA]] [[helix]], [[virus]], wavelength of [[optical spectrum]]
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[#Human scale|Human scale]] || [[#1E-6|10<sup>−6</sup>]] || 10<sup>−3</sup> || [[micrometre|µm]] || [[bacterium]], [[fog]] water droplet, human hair<ref name="Physics Factbook">
According to ''The [[Physics]] Factbook'', the [[diameter]] of human hair ranges from 17 to 181 µm. {{cite web|url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/BrianLey.shtml|title=Width of a Human Hair|last=Ley|first=Brian|work=The Physics Factbook|year=1999}}</ref>
|-
| [[#1E-3|10<sup>−3</sup>]] || 10<sup>0</sup> || [[millimetre|mm]] || [[mosquito]], [[golf ball]], [[football (association football)|football]]
|-
| [[#1E0|10<sup>0</sup>]] || 10<sup>3</sup> || [[metre|m]] || [[human being]], [[association football#Pitch|football field]], [[Eiffel Tower]]
|-
| [[#1E3|10<sup>3</sup>]] || 10<sup>6</sup> || [[kilometre|km]] || [[Mount Everest]], length of [[Panama Canal]], larger [[asteroid]]
|-
| rowspan=7 | [[#Astronomical|Astronomical]] || [[#1E6|10<sup>6</sup>]] || 10<sup>9</sup> || [[megametre|Mm]] || the [[Moon]], Earth, one [[light-second]]
|-
| [[#1E9|10<sup>9</sup>]] || 10<sup>12</sup> || [[gigametre|Gm]] || [[Sun]], one [[light-minute]], Earth's orbit
|-
| [[#1E12|10<sup>12</sup>]] || 10<sup>15</sup> || [[terametre|Tm]] || orbits of [[outer planets]], [[Solar System]]
|-
| [[#1E15|10<sup>15</sup>]] || 10<sup>18</sup> || [[petametre|Pm]] || one [[light-year]]; distance to [[Proxima Centauri]]
|-
| [[#1E18|10<sup>18</sup>]] || 10<sup>21</sup> || [[exametre|Em]] || [[spiral arm|galactic arm]]
|-
| [[#1E21|10<sup>21</sup>]] || 10<sup>24</sup> || [[zettametre|Zm]] || [[Milky Way]], distance to [[Andromeda Galaxy]]
|-
| [[#1E24|10<sup>24</sup>]] || <math>10^{10^{10^{122}}}</math><ref name="exponents" group=note/> || [[yottametre|Ym]] || [[Huge-LQG]], [[Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall]], [[visible universe]]
|}


==Detailed list==
Registered users will be able to choose between the following three rendering modes:
To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various lengths between 1.6{{E|−35}}&nbsp;meters and <math>10^{10^{10^{122}}}</math>meters.


===Subatomic===
'''MathML'''
{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=3px
:<math forcemathmode="mathml">E=mc^2</math>
! Factor ([[metre|m]])
! Multiple
! Value
! Item
|-
<div id="lt 1E-15"/>
|[[1 yoctometer|10<sup>−35</sup>]]
| 1 [[Planck Length]]
|0.0000000000162&nbsp;ym&nbsp;(1.62{{E|−35}}&nbsp;m)
|[[Planck length]]; typical scale of hypothetical [[loop quantum gravity]] or size of a hypothetical [[String (physics)|string]] and of [[branes]]; according to [[string theory]] lengths smaller than this do not make any [[physics|physical]] sense.<ref name="Burgess_and_Quevedo">{{cite news | author=[[Cliff Burgess]] |author2=[[Fernando Quevedo]]  | title=The Great Cosmic Roller-Coaster Ride | url= | type=print | work=[[Scientific American]] | publisher=Scientific American, Inc. | page=55 | date=November 2007 |accessdate=2008-06-27 }}</ref> [[Quantum foam]] is thought to exist at this level.
|-
|[[1 yoctometre|10<sup>−24</sup>]]
|1 [[yoctometer]] (ym)
|20 ym (2 × 10<sup>&minus;23</sup> meters)
|effective [[Cross section (physics)|cross section]] radius of 1 [[MeV]] [[neutrino]]s<ref>{{cite web |author=Carl R. Nave |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/cowan.html#c1 |title=Cowan and Reines Neutrino Experiment |accessdate=2008-12-04}} (6.3 × 10<sup>&minus;44</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>, which gives an effective radius of about 2 × 10<sup>&minus;23</sup> m)</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 zeptometre|10<sup>−21</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[zeptometer]] (zm)
|
|[[Preons]], hypothetical particles proposed as subcomponents of quarks and leptons; the upper bound for the width of a [[cosmic string]] in string theory.
|-
|7 zm (7 × 10<sup>&minus;21</sup> meters)
| effective cross section radius of high energy [[neutrino]]s<ref name="NaveN3">{{cite web |author=Carl R. Nave |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/neutrino3.html#c2 |title=Neutron Absorption Cross-sections |accessdate=2008-12-04}} (area for 20 GeV about 10 × 10<sup>&minus;42</sup> m<sup>2</sup> gives effective radius of about 2 × 10<sup>&minus;21</sup> m; for 250 GeV about 150 × 10<sup>&minus;42</sup> m<sup>2</sup> gives effective radius of about 7 × 10<sup>&minus;21</sup> m)</ref>
|-
|310 zm (3.10 × 10<sup>&minus;19</sup> meters)
|[[de Broglie wavelength]] of [[protons]] at the [[Large Hadron Collider]] (4 TeV as of 2012)
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 attometre|10<sup>−18</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[attometer]] (am)
|rowspan=3|
|upper limit for the size of [[quark]]s and [[electron]]s
|-
|sensitivity of the [[LIGO]] detector for [[gravitational wave]]s
|-
|upper bound of the typical size range for "fundamental [[String (physics)|strings]]"<ref name="Burgess_and_Quevedo"/>
|-
|rowspan=1|10<sup>−17</sup>
|rowspan=1|10 am
|rowspan=1|
| range of the [[weak force]]
|-
|}


===Atomic and cellular===
<!--'''PNG'''  (currently default in production)
<!-- No more than three examples per row: choose examples from a range of sizes, and add extra examples to the sub-articles instead -->
:<math forcemathmode="png">E=mc^2</math>


{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=3px
'''source'''
!Factor ([[metre|m]])
:<math forcemathmode="source">E=mc^2</math> -->
!Multiple
!Value
!Item
<div id="1E-15"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 femtometre|10<sup>−15</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[femtometer]] (fm)
|1.5 fm
|size of an 11 MeV [[proton]]<ref name="Nav">{{cite web |author=Carl R. Nave |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/crosec.html |title= Scattering Cross Section |accessdate=2009-02-10}}
(diameter of the [[Cross section (physics)|Scattering Cross Section]] of an 11 MeV [[proton]] with a target proton)<!-- To verify, use online form with these figures: Z=1 KE=11 A=1 and obtain cross section of 1.758 fm^2; use Area=Pi*R^2 to derive diameter (2R) --></ref>
|-
|2.81794 fm
|[[classical electron radius]]<ref>[[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]]. [http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?re CODATA Value:    classical electron radius]. Retrieved 2009-02-10</ref>
|-
|
|scale of the [[atomic nucleus]]<ref name="Burgess_and_Quevedo"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Scale of the Universe |url=http://cass.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/scale.html |author=H. E. Smith |publisher=[[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] |quote=~10<sup>-13</sup>cm |accessdate=2009-02-10}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=1|[[10 femtometers|10<sup>−14</sup>]]
|rowspan=1|10 fm
|
|
|-
|rowspan=1|10<sup>−13</sup>
|rowspan=1|100 fm
|
|
<div id="1E-12"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 picometre|10<sup>−12</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[picometer]] (pm)
|...
|longest [[wavelength]] of [[gamma ray]]s
|-
|2.4 pm
|[[Compton wavelength]] of [[electron]]
|-
|5 pm
|wavelength of shortest [[X-ray]]s
|-
|rowspan=3|[[10 picometres|10<sup>−11</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|10 pm
|25 pm
|radius of [[hydrogen atom]]
|-
|31 pm
|radius of [[helium]] atom
|-
|53 pm
|[[Bohr radius]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[100 picometres|10<sup>−10</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|[[100 picometres|100 pm]]
|100 pm (0.1&nbsp;nm)
|1 [[Angstrom|Ångström]] (also [[covalent radius]] of [[sulfur]] atom<ref>{{cite web |author=Mark Winter |title=WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements / Sulfur / Radii |url=http://www.webelements.com/sulfur/atom_sizes.html |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-12-06}}</ref>)
|-
|154 pm (0.154&nbsp;nm)
|length of a typical [[covalent bond]] ([[carbon|C]]–C).
|-
|500 pm (0.50&nbsp;nm)
|width of [[protein]] [[alpha helix|α helix]]
<div id="1E-9"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 nanometre|10<sup>−9</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[nanometer]] (nm)
|1&nbsp;nm
|diameter of a [[carbon nanotube]]<ref>{{Cite journal |first=E. |last=Flahaut |author2=Bacsa R |author3=Peigney A |author4=Laurent C.  |year=2003 |title=Gram-Scale CCVD Synthesis of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes |journal=Chemical Communications |volume=12 | pages=1442–1443 |url=http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/CC/article.asp?doi=b301514a |doi=10.1039/b301514a |accessdate=2008-11-14 |pmid=12841282 |issue=12}}</ref>
|-
|2.5&nbsp;nm
|Smallest [[microprocessor]] [[transistor]] [[Gate (transistor)|gate]] oxide thickness (as of Jan 2007)
|-
|6–10&nbsp;nm
|thickness of [[cell membrane]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[10 nanometres|10<sup>−8</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|10&nbsp;nm
|10&nbsp;nm
|thickness of [[cell wall]] in [[Gram staining|gram]]-negative [[bacteria]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}
|-
|40&nbsp;nm
|extreme [[ultraviolet]] wavelength
|-
|90&nbsp;nm
|[[HIV|Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)]] (generally, [[virus]]es range in size from 20&nbsp;nm to 450&nbsp;nm)
|-
|rowspan=3|[[100 nanometres|10<sup>−7</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|100&nbsp;nm
|121.6&nbsp;nm
|wavelength of the [[Lyman-alpha line]]<ref name="ber">Cohn, J. [[University of California, Berkeley]] [http://astro.berkeley.edu/~jcohn/lya.html Lyman alpha systems and cosmology]. Retrieved 2009-02-21</ref>
|-
|380–435&nbsp;nm
|wavelength of [[violet (color)|violet]] light—see [[color]] and [[optical spectrum]]<ref name="hyp">[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/specol.html#c1 Color]</ref>
|-
|625–740&nbsp;nm
|wavelength of red light<ref name="hyp"/>
|}


===Human scale===
<span style="color: red">Follow this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering link] to change your Math rendering settings.</span> You can also add a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin Custom CSS] to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Math#CSS_for_the_MathML_with_SVG_fallback_mode these examples].
<!-- No more than three examples per row: choose examples from a range of sizes, and add extra examples to the sub-articles instead; prefer examples that are well-cited and well-known throughout the world -->


{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=3px
==Demos==
!Factor ([[metre|m]])
!Multiple
!Value
!Item
<div id="1E-6"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 micrometre|10<sup>−6</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[micrometer]] (µm)
|1&nbsp;µm
|also called one [[micron]]
|-
|1–3&nbsp;µm
|particle size that a [[surgical mask]] removes at 80–95% efficiency{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}
|-
|6-8&nbsp;µm
|diameter of a [[red blood cell]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/rbc.htm | title=Through the Microscope: Blood Cells - Life's Blood | publisher=Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health | accessdate=2011-09-13 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[10 micrometres|10<sup>−5</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|10&nbsp;µm
|10&nbsp;µm
|typical size of a fog, mist or cloud water droplet. Chip [[10 µm process]] in 1971.
|-
|12&nbsp;µm
|width of [[acrylic fibre]]
|-
|25.4&nbsp;µm
|1/1000&nbsp;inch, commonly referred to as one [[Thou (unit of length)|thou]] or one [[Thou (unit of length)|mil]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 myriometre|10<sup>−4</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|100&nbsp;µm
|100&nbsp;µm
|average width of a strand of human hair<ref name="Physics Factbook"/>
|-
|200&nbsp;µm
|typical length of ''[[Paramecium|Paramecium caudatum]]'', a ciliate protist
|-
|750&nbsp;µm
|maximum diameter of ''[[Thiomargarita namibiensis]]'', the largest bacterium ever discovered
|-
<div id="1E-3"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 millimetre|10<sup>−3</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[millimeter]] (mm)
|2.54&nbsp;mm
|1/10th inch; distance between pins in [[dual in-line package|DIP]] (dual-inline-package) electronic components
|-
|5&nbsp;mm
|length of average red [[ant]]
|-
|7.62&nbsp;mm
|common military ammunition size
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 centimetre|10<sup>−2</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[centimeter]] (cm)
|1.5&nbsp;cm
|length of a large [[mosquito]]
|-
|2.54&nbsp;cm
|1 [[inch]]
|-
|4.267&nbsp;cm
|diameter of a [[golf ball]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 decimetre|10<sup>−1</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[decimeter]] (dm)
|10&nbsp;cm
|wavelength of the highest [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]] radio frequency, 3&nbsp;GHz
|-
|30.48&nbsp;cm
|1 [[foot (length)|foot]]
|-
|91.44&nbsp;cm
|1 [[yard]]
<div id="1E0"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 metre|10<sup>0</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[meter]]
| 1 m
|wavelength of the lowest [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]] and highest [[Very high frequency|VHF]] radio frequency, 300&nbsp;MHz
|-
|1.7 m (5 feet 7&nbsp;inches)
|average height of a human
|-
|8.38 m
|The length of a London Bus ([[Routemaster]])
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 decametre|10<sup>1</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[decameter]] (dam)
|10 m
|wavelength of the lowest [[Very high frequency|VHF]] and highest [[shortwave]] radio frequency, 30&nbsp;MHz
|-
|33 m
|length of longest [[blue whale]] measured, the largest animal<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/AnimalRecords/ | title=Animal Records | publisher=Smithsonian National Zoological Park | accessdate=2007-05-29 }}</ref>
|-
|93.47 m
|height of the [[Statue of Liberty]] (foundation of pedestal to torch)
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 hectometre|10<sup>2</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[hectometer]] (hm)
|100 m
|wavelength of the lowest [[shortwave]] radio frequency and highest [[medium wave]] radio frequency, 3&nbsp;MHz
|-
|137 m (147 m)
|height (present and original) of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]]
|-
|979 m
|height of the [[Salto Angel]], the world's highest free-falling waterfall ([[Venezuela]])
<div id="1E3"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[1 kilometre|10<sup>3</sup>]]
|rowspan=4|1 [[kilometer]] (km)
|1&nbsp;km
|wavelength of the lowest [[medium wave]] radio frequency, 300&nbsp;kHz
|-
|1609 m
|1 [[mile|international mile]]
|-
|1852 m
|1 [[nautical mile]]<br>&nbsp;
|-
|8848 m
|height of the highest mountain on earth, [[Mount Everest]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 myriametre|10<sup>4</sup>]]<!-- Please consider renaming the obsolete term myriametre to [[10 kilometres (order of magnitude)]] -->
|rowspan=3|10&nbsp;km
|10.911&nbsp;km
|depth of deepest part of the ocean, [[Mariana Trench]]
|-
|13&nbsp;km
|narrowest width of the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], separating Europe and Africa
|-
|90&nbsp;km
|width of the [[Bering Strait]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[100 kilometres|10<sup>5</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|100&nbsp;km
|111&nbsp;km
|distance covered by one degree of [[latitude]] on Earth's surface
|-
|163&nbsp;km
|length of the [[Suez Canal]]
|-
|974.6&nbsp;km
|greatest diameter<ref>{{cite journal|first=P. C.|last=Thomas|author2=Parker, J. Wm. |author3=McFadden, L. A. |author4= et al. |title=Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape|year=2005|journal=Nature|volume=437|pages=224&ndash;226|doi=10.1038/nature03938| bibcode=2005Natur.437..224T|pmid=16148926|issue=7056}}</ref> of the dwarf planet<ref name="Asteroid-planet?" group=note>The exact [[Solar System#Terminology|category]] (asteroid, dwarf planet or planet) to which particular solar system objects belong, has been subject to some revision since the discovery of [[extrasolar planet]]s and [[Trans-Neptunian object|trans-Neptunian]] objects</ref> [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]
|}


===Astronomical===
Here are some [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles/Frederic.wang demos]:
{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=3px
!Factor ([[metre|m]])
!Multiple
!Value
!Item
<div id="1E6"/>
|-
|rowspan=7|[[1 megametre|10<sup>6</sup>]]
|rowspan=7|1,000&nbsp;km = 1 [[megameter]] (Mm)
|2,390&nbsp;km
|diameter of dwarf planet [[Pluto]], formerly the smallest [[planet]] category<ref name="Asteroid-planet?" group=note/> of our solar system
|-
|3,480&nbsp;km
|diameter of the [[Moon]]
|-
|5,200&nbsp;km
|typical distance covered by the winner of the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] automobile endurance race
|-
|6,400&nbsp;km
|length of the [[Great Wall of China]]
|-
|6,600&nbsp;km
|approximate length of the two longest rivers, the [[Nile]] and the [[Amazon River|Amazon]]
|-
|7,821&nbsp;km
|length of the [[Trans-Canada Highway]]
|-
|9,288&nbsp;km
|length of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], longest in the world
<div id="1E7"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[10 megametres|10<sup>7</sup>]]
|rowspan=2|10,000&nbsp;km
|12,756&nbsp;km
|equatorial diameter of the Earth
|-
|40,075&nbsp;km
|length of the Earth's [[equator]]
<div id="1E8"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[100 megametres|10<sup>8</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|100,000&nbsp;km
|142,984&nbsp;km
|diameter of [[Jupiter]]
|-
|299,792.458&nbsp;km
|distance travelled by light in one second
|-
|384,000&nbsp;km = 384 Mm
|[[Moon]]'s orbital distance from Earth
<div id="1E9"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1 gigametre|10<sup>9</sup>]]
|rowspan=2|1 million km = 1 [[gigameter]] (Gm)
|1,390,000&nbsp;km = 1.39&nbsp;Gm
|diameter of the [[Sun]]
|-
|4,200,000 &nbsp;km = 4.2&nbsp;Gm
|greatest mileage ever recorded by a car (A 1966 [[Volvo P1800|Volvo P-1800S]], still driving)
<div id="1E10"/>
|-
| [[10 gigametres|10<sup>10</sup>]]
| 10 million km
|18 million km
|approximately one [[light-minute]]
<div id="1E11"/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[100 gigametres|10<sup>11</sup>]]
| rowspan=2 | 100 million km
|150 million&nbsp;km = 150&nbsp;Gm
|1 [[astronomical unit]] (AU); mean distance between Earth and Sun
|-
|~ 900 Gm
|optical diameter of [[Betelgeuse]] (~600 × Sun)
<div id="1E12"/>
|-
|rowspan=6|[[1 terametre|10<sup>12</sup>]]
|rowspan=6|1000 million km = 1 [[terameter]] (Tm)
|1.4 {{E|9}}&nbsp;km
|orbital distance of [[Saturn]] from Sun
|-
|1.96 {{E|9}}&nbsp;km
|estimated optical diameter of [[VY Canis Majoris]] (1420 × Sun)
|-
|2.3 {{E|9}}&nbsp;km
|estimated optical diameter of [[NML Cygni]] (1650 × Sun)
|-
|2.37 {{E|9}}&nbsp;km
|median point of the optical diameter of [[UY Scuti]], as of 2014 the [[List of largest known stars|largest known star]]
|-
|5.9 {{E|9}}&nbsp;km = 5.9&nbsp;Tm
|orbital distance of Pluto from Sun
|-
|~ 7.5 {{E|9}}&nbsp;km = 7.5&nbsp;Tm
|outer boundary of the [[Kuiper belt]], inner boundary of the [[Oort cloud]] (~ 50 AU)
<div id="1E13"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[10 terametres|10<sup>13</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|10 Tm
|
|diameter of our [[Solar System]] as a whole<ref name="Burgess_and_Quevedo"/>
|-
|16.25{{E|9}}&nbsp;km = 16.25&nbsp;Tm
|distance of the [[Voyager 1]] spacecraft from Sun ({{As of|2009|alt=as of Feb 2009}}), the farthest man-made object so far<ref>[http://heavens-above.com/solar-escape.asp Spacecraft escaping the Solar System<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
|62.03{{E|9}}&nbsp;km = 62.03&nbsp;Tm
|estimated radius of the [[event horizon]] of the [[supermassive black hole]] in [[NGC 4889]], the largest known black hole to date
<div id="1E14"/>
|-
|[[100 terametres|10<sup>14</sup>]]
|100 Tm
|1.8{{E|11}}&nbsp;km = 180&nbsp;Tm
|size of the [[debris disk]] around the star [[51 Pegasi]] <ref>[http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/09/24/twin.keck.telescopes.probe.dual.dust.disks Twin Keck telescopes probe dual dust disks]</ref> <div id="1E15"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1 petametre|10<sup>15</sup>]]
|rowspan=2|1 [[petameter]] (Pm)
|~ 7.5 {{E|12}}&nbsp;km = 7.5&nbsp;Pm
|supposed outer boundary of the Oort cloud (~ 50,000 AU)
|-
|9.46{{E|12}}&nbsp;km = 9.46&nbsp;Pm<br> = 1 [[light year]]
|distance traveled by light in one year; at its current speed, Voyager 1 would need 17,500 years to travel this distance
<div id="1E16"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[10 petametres|10<sup>16</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|10 Pm
|3.2616 light-years<br>(3.0857{{E|13}}&nbsp;km = 30.857&nbsp;Pm)
|1 [[parsec]]
|-
|4.22 light-years = 39.9&nbsp;Pm
|distance to nearest star ([[Proxima Centauri]])
|-
|4.37 light-years = 41.3&nbsp;Pm
|as of March 2013, distance to nearest discovered [[extrasolar planet]] ([[Alpha Centauri Bb]])
<div id="1E17"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[100 petametres|10<sup>17</sup>]]
|rowspan=2|100 Pm
|20.4 light-years = 193&nbsp;Pm
|as of October 2010, distance to nearest discovered extrasolar planet with potential to support life as we know it ([[Gliese 581 d]])
|-
|65 light-years = 6.15{{E|17}}&nbsp;m = 615&nbsp;Pm
|approximate radius of humanity's radio bubble, caused by high-power TV broadcasts leaking through the atmosphere into outer space
<div id="1E18"/>
|-
|rowspan=1|[[1 exametre|10<sup>18</sup>]]
|rowspan=1|1 [[exameter]] (Em)
|200 light-years = 1.9&nbsp;Em
|distance to nearby [[solar twin]] ([[HIP 56948]]), a star with properties virtually identical to our Sun <ref>{{cite web | last = Shiga | first = David | url = http://space.newscientist.com/article/dn12725-suns-twin-an-ideal-hunting-ground-for-alien-life.html | title = Sun's 'twin' an ideal hunting ground for alien life | publisher = New Scientist | accessdate = 2007-10-03 }}</ref>
<div id="1E19"/>
|-
|[[10 exametres|10<sup>19</sup>]]
|10 Em
|1,000 light-years = 9.46 Em or 9.46 × 10<sup>15</sup> km
|average thickness of [[Milky Way Galaxy]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Christian |first=Eric |last2=Samar |first2=Safi-Harb |title=How large is the Milky Way? |url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/980317b.html |accessdate=2008-11-14}}</ref> (1000 to 3000 ly by [[Hydrogen line|21&nbsp;cm observations]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Duncan |first=Martin |title=Physics 216 – Introduction to Astrophysics |chapter=16 |url=http://www.physics.queensu.ca/~phys216/ch16B.pdf |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-11-14}}</ref>)
<div id="1E20"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[100 exametres|10<sup>20</sup>]]
|100 Em
|12,000 light-years = 113.5 Em or 1.135 × 10<sup>17</sup> km
|thickness of [[Milky Way Galaxy]]'s gaseous disk<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.smh.com.au/milky-way-fatter-than-first-thought/20080220-1tbv.html |title=Milky Way fatter than first thought |accessdate=2008-11-14 |date=2008-02-20 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=[[Australian Associated Press]]}}</ref>
|-
|950 Em
|100,000 light-years
|diameter of galactic disk of [[Milky Way Galaxy]]<ref name="Burgess_and_Quevedo"/>
<div id="1E21"/>
|-
|rowspan=5|[[1 zettametre|10<sup>21</sup>]]
|rowspan=5|1 [[zettameter]] (Zm)
|-
|50 [[kiloparsecs]]
|distance to [[Supernova 1987a|SN 1987A]], the most recent naked eye supernova
|-
|52 kiloparsecs = 1.62{{E|21}}&nbsp;m = 1.62&nbsp;Zm
|distance to the [[Large Magellanic Cloud]] (a [[dwarf galaxy]] [[orbit]]ing the [[Milky Way]])
|-
| 54 kiloparsecs = 1.66&nbsp;Zm
|distance to the [[Small Magellanic Cloud]] (another dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way)
|-
| 200 kiloparsecs = 6.15&nbsp;Zm
|diameter of the low surface brightness disc halo of the giant spiral galaxy [[Malin 1]]
<div id="1E22"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[10 zettametres|10<sup>22</sup>]]
|rowspan=4|10 Zm
| 13.25&nbsp;Zm = 1.4 million light years<br>= 600 kiloparsecs
| radius of the diffuse stellar halo of [[IC 1101]], one of the largest known galaxies
|-
| 24&nbsp;Zm = 2.5 million light-years<br>= 770 kiloparsecs
|distance to [[Andromeda Galaxy]]
|-
|3.26 million light-years<br>=30.8&nbsp;Zm = 1 megaparsec
|1 [[megaparsec]]
|-
|50&nbsp;Zm (1.6&nbsp;Mpc)
|diameter of [[Local Group]] of [[galaxy|galaxies]]
<div id="1E23"/>
|-
|[[100 zettametres|10<sup>23</sup>]]
|100 Zm
|300–600&nbsp;Zm = 10–20 [[megaparsecs]]
|distance to [[Virgo cluster]] of [[galaxy|galaxies]]
<div id="1E24"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[1 yottametre|10<sup>24</sup>]]
|rowspan=4|1 [[yottameter]] (Ym)
|200 million light-years<br>= 1.9&nbsp;Ym = 61 megaparsecs
|diameter of the [[Local Supercluster]] and the largest voids and filaments.
|-
|300 million light-years<br>= 2.8&nbsp;Ym = 100 megaparsecs
|[[Observable universe#End of Greatness|End of Greatness]]
|-
|550 million light-years<br>~170 megaparsecs ~5&nbsp;Ym
|diameter of the enormous [[Horologium Supercluster]] <ref>http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/superc/hor.html The Horologium Supercluster</ref>
<div id="1E25"/>
|-
|1 billion light-years<br>= 9.46&nbsp;Ym =306 megaparsecs
|diameter of the [[Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex]], the supercluster complex where we live.
|-
|rowspan=3|[[10 yottametres|10<sup>25</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|10 Ym
|1.37 billion light years<br>= 1.3{{E|25}}&nbsp;m = 13&nbsp;Ym
|Length of the [[Sloan Great Wall]], a giant wall of galaxies ([[galactic filament]]).<ref>[http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0310571 J. R. Gott III ''et al.'', ''Astrophys. J.'', '''624''', 463 (2005).] Figure 8 &ndash; "Logarithmic Maps of the Universe" &ndash; is available as a poster from [http://www.astro.princeton.edu/~mjuric/universe/ the homepage of Mario Juric.]</ref>
|-
|3.26 billion light years<br>=30.8&nbsp;Ym = 1 gigaparsec
|1 [[gigaparsec]]
|-
|4 billion light years<br>=37.84&nbsp;Ym
|Length of the [[Huge-LQG]], a group of 73 [[quasar]]s
|-
<div id="1E26/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[100 yottametres|10<sup>26</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|100 Ym
|1{{E|10}} light-years<br>= 9.5{{E|25}}&nbsp;m = 95&nbsp;Ym
|estimated [[Distance measures (cosmology)|light travel distance]] to certain [[quasars]]<br>


length of the [[Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall]], a colossal wall of galaxies, the largest and the most massive structure in the observable universe as of 2014
|-
|13.42 billion light years<br>=1.27{{E|26}}&nbsp;m = 127&nbsp;Ym
|Estimated [[Distance measures (cosmology)|light travel distance]] to [[UDFj-39546284]], the [[List of the most distant astronomical objects|most distant object]] ever observed
|-
|9.2{{E|10}} light years<br>= 8.7{{E|26}}&nbsp;m = 870&nbsp;Ym
|approx. diameter ([[comoving distance]]) of the [[visible universe]]<ref name="Burgess_and_Quevedo"/>
|-
<div id="1E27/>
|-
|[[1000 yottametres|10<sup>27</sup>]]
|1000 Ym
<!-- previous version of this entry reported diameter as radius -->
|130 billion light years<br>= 1.2{{E|27}}&nbsp;m = 1200&nbsp;Ym
|lower bound of the (possibly infinite) radius of the universe, if it is a [[3-sphere]], according to one estimate using the [[WMAP]] data at 95% confidence.<ref>http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0605709v2 How Many Universes Do There Need To Be?</ref> It equivalently implies that there are at minimum 21 [[particle horizon]]-sized volumes in the universe.
<!-- The article this entry is based on has been withdrawn by the author, specifically due to an error in the lower-bound estimate itself
|-
|~400 billion light years<br>= 3.8{{E|27}}&nbsp;m = 3800&nbsp;Ym
|Lower bound of the homogeneous universe derived from the [[Planck spacecraft]] <ref>[http://arxiv.org/abs/1304.1181 data]</ref>
-->
|-
|<math>10^{10^{115}}</math><ref name="exponents" group=note>10<sup>115</sup> is 1 followed by 115 zeroes, or a [[googol]] multiplied by a quadrillion. 10<sup>10<sup>115</sup></sup> is 1 followed by a quadrillion googol zeroes. 10<sup>10<sup>10<sup>122</sup></sup></sup>is 1 followed by 10<sup>10<sup>122</sup></sup> (a [[googolplex]]<sup>10 sextillion</SUP>) zeroes. These numbers are so vast that they are essentially the same in whatever units we could use to list them.</ref>
|<math>10^{10^{115}}</math> Ym
|<math>10^{10^{115}}</math> megaparsecs<br>= <math>10^{10^{115}}</math>&nbsp;m<br>= <math>10^{10^{115}}</math>Ym
|According to the laws of probability, the distance one must travel until one encounters a volume of space identical to our [[observable universe]] with conditions identical to our own.<ref name="TegmarkPUstaple">"Parallel universes. Not just a staple of science fiction, other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observations.", Tegmark M., Sci Am. 2003 May;288(5):40-51.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Max Tegmark |journal=In "Science and Ultimate Reality: from Quantum to Cosmos", honoring John Wheeler's 90th birthday. J. D. Barrow, P.C.W. Davies, & C.L. Harper eds. Cambridge University Press (2003) |title=Parallel Universes |year=2003 |arxiv=astro-ph/0302131|bibcode = 2003astro.ph..2131T }}</ref>
|-
|<math>10^{10^{10^{122}}}</math><ref name="exponents" group=note/>
|<math>10^{10^{10^{122}}}</math> Ym
|<math>10^{10^{10^{122}}}</math> Mpc<br>= <math>10^{10^{10^{122}}}</math>&nbsp;m<br>= <math>10^{10^{10^{122}}}</math>Ym
|size of universe after [[cosmological inflation]], implied by one resolution of the No-Boundary Proposal<ref>http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0610199 "Susskind's Challenge to the Hartle-Hawking No-Boundary Proposal and Possible Resolutions "</ref>
|}


==See also==
* accessibility:
* [[List of examples of lengths]]
** Safari + VoiceOver: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VoiceOver-Mac-Safari.ogv video only], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-7]]
* [[Metric_prefix#List_of_SI_prefixes|List of metric prefixes]]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Audio-Windows7-InternetExplorer.ogg Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (audio)]
* [[List of semiconductor scale examples]]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-SynchronizedHighlighting-WIndows7-InternetExplorer.png Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (synchronized highlighting)]
* [[Earth's location in the universe]]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Braille-Windows7-InternetExplorer.png Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (braille)]
* ''[[Powers of Ten (film)|Powers of Ten]]'', a 1968 short documentary film which depicts the relative scale of the Universe in factors of ten.
** NVDA+MathPlayer: [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-7]].
** Orca: There is ongoing work, but no support at all at the moment [[File:Orca-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-7]].
** From our testing, ChromeVox and JAWS are not able to read the formulas generated by the MathML mode.


==Notes==
==Test pages ==
{{reflist|group=note}}


==References==
To test the '''MathML''', '''PNG''', and '''source''' rendering modes, please go to one of the following test pages:
{{reflist|30em}}
*[[Displaystyle]]
*[[MathAxisAlignment]]
*[[Styling]]
*[[Linebreaking]]
*[[Unique Ids]]
*[[Help:Formula]]


==External links==
*[[Inputtypes|Inputtypes (private Wikis only)]]
* [http://www.vendian.org/howbig/ How Big Are Things?] displays orders of magnitude in successively larger rooms
*[[Url2Image|Url2Image (private Wikis only)]]
* [http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/Microcosm/P10/english/welcome.html Powers of Ten] Travel across the Universe. Altering perspective by changing scale by just a few powers of ten (interactive) {{dead link|date=May 2013}}
==Bug reporting==
* [http://www.shekpvar.net/~dna/Publications/Cosmos/cosmos.html Cosmos &ndash; an Illustrated Dimensional Journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos] &ndash; from Digital Nature Agency {{dead link|date=May 2013}}
If you find any bugs, please report them at [https://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=MediaWiki%20extensions&component=Math&version=master&short_desc=Math-preview%20rendering%20problem Bugzilla], or write an email to math_bugs (at) ckurs (dot) de .
* [http://htwins.net/scale2/ Scale of the universe]- interactive guide to length magnitudes
 
{{Orders of magnitude wide}}
{{Units of length used in Astronomy}}
 
[[Category:Length]]
[[Category:Orders of magnitude|Length]]
[[Category:Orders of magnitude (length)|*]]
[[Category:Lists by length]]

Latest revision as of 22:52, 15 September 2019

This is a preview for the new MathML rendering mode (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.

If you would like use the MathML rendering mode, you need a wikipedia user account that can be registered here [[1]]

  • Only registered users will be able to execute this rendering mode.
  • Note: you need not enter a email address (nor any other private information). Please do not use a password that you use elsewhere.

Registered users will be able to choose between the following three rendering modes:

MathML

E=mc2


Follow this link to change your Math rendering settings. You can also add a Custom CSS to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See these examples.

Demos

Here are some demos:


Test pages

To test the MathML, PNG, and source rendering modes, please go to one of the following test pages:

Bug reporting

If you find any bugs, please report them at Bugzilla, or write an email to math_bugs (at) ckurs (dot) de .

Retrieved from "https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=329754"