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{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
This is a preview for the new '''MathML rendering mode''' (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.
{{incomplete|date=January 2011}}
'''Cyclotron radiation''' is [[electromagnetic radiation]] emitted by moving [[electric charge|charge]]d particles deflected by a [[magnetic field]].  The [[Lorentz force]] on the particles acts perpendicular to both the magnetic field lines and the particles' motion through them, creating an acceleration of charged particles that causes them to emit radiation as a result of the acceleration they undergo as they spiral around the lines of the magnetic field.


The name of this radiation derives from the [[cyclotron]], a type of [[particle accelerator]] used since the 1930s to create highly energetic particles for study. The cyclotron makes use of the circular orbits that charged particles exhibit in a uniform magnetic field. Furthermore, the period of the orbit is independent of the energy of the particles, allowing the cyclotron to operate at a set [[frequency]]. Cyclotron radiation is emitted by all charged particles travelling through magnetic fields, not just those in cyclotrons. Cyclotron radiation from [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] in the [[interstellar medium]] or around [[black hole]]s and other astronomical phenomena is an important source of information about distant magnetic fields. The [[Power (physics)|power]] (energy per unit time) of the emission of each electron can be calculated:
If you would like use the '''MathML''' rendering mode, you need a wikipedia user account that can be registered here [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:UserLogin/signup]]
* Only registered users will be able to execute this rendering mode.
* Note: you need not enter a email address (nor any other private information). Please do not use a password that you use elsewhere.


<math>{-dE \over dt}={\sigma_t B^2 V^2 \over c \mu_o} </math>
Registered users will be able to choose between the following three rendering modes:


where ''E'' is energy, ''t'' is time, <math> \sigma_t </math> is the [[Thomson cross section]] (total, not differential), ''B'' is the magnetic field strength, ''V'' is the velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field, ''c'' is the speed of light and <math> \mu_o </math> is the [[permeability of free space]]. In the context of [[magnetic fusion energy]], cyclotron radiation losses translate into a requirement for a minimum plasma energy density in relation to the magnetic field energy density (see [[Aneutronic fusion#Power density and energy balance]]).
'''MathML'''
:<math forcemathmode="mathml">E=mc^2</math>


Cyclotron radiation would likely be produced in a high altitude nuclear explosion. [[Gamma ray]]s produced by the explosion would [[ionization|ionize]] [[atom]]s in the upper atmosphere and those free electrons would interact with the Earth's magnetic field to produce cyclotron radiation in the form of an [[electromagnetic pulse]] (EMP).  This phenomenon is of concern to the military as the EMP may damage solid state electronic equipment.
<!--'''PNG''' (currently default in production)
:<math forcemathmode="png">E=mc^2</math>


Cyclotron radiation has a spectrum with its main spike at the
'''source'''
same fundamental frequency as the particle's orbit, and [[harmonic]]s at higher integral factors. Harmonics are the result of imperfections in the actual emission environment, which also create a broadening of the [[spectral line]]s. The most obvious source of line broadening is non-uniformities in the magnetic field; as an electron passes
:<math forcemathmode="source">E=mc^2</math> -->
from one area of the field to another, its emission frequency will change with the strength of the field. Other sources of broadening include collisional broadening as the electron will invariably fail to follow a perfect orbit, distortions of the emission caused by interactions with the surrounding plasma, and [[special relativity|relativistic]] effects if the charged particles are sufficiently energetic.  When the electrons are moving at relativistic speeds, cyclotron radiation is known as [[synchrotron radiation]].


The recoil experienced by a particle emitting cyclotron radiation is called [[radiation reaction]]. Radiation reaction acts as a resistance to motion in a cyclotron; and the work necessary to overcome it is the main energetic cost of accelerating a particle in a cyclotron. Cyclotrons are prime examples of systems which experience radiation reaction.
<span style="color: red">Follow this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering link] to change your Math rendering settings.</span> You can also add a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin Custom CSS] to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Math#CSS_for_the_MathML_with_SVG_fallback_mode these examples].


==See also==
==Demos==
*[[Auroral kilometric radiation]] (AKR)
*[[Bremsstrahlung]]
*[[Synchrotron radiation]]
*[[Free electron laser]]
*[[Larmor formula]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Cyclotron Radiation}}
Here are some [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles/Frederic.wang demos]:
[[Category:Electromagnetic radiation]]
[[Category:Plasma physics]]
[[Category:Experimental particle physics]]


[[ar:إشعاع سيكلوتروني]]
 
[[ca:Radiació ciclotró]]
* accessibility:
[[fr:Rayonnement cyclotron]]
** Safari + VoiceOver: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VoiceOver-Mac-Safari.ogv video only], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-7]]
[[is:Hringhraðlageislun]]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Audio-Windows7-InternetExplorer.ogg Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (audio)]
[[it:Radiazione di ciclotrone]]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-SynchronizedHighlighting-WIndows7-InternetExplorer.png Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (synchronized highlighting)]
[[nl:Cyclotronstraling]]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Braille-Windows7-InternetExplorer.png Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (braille)]
[[pt:Radiação ciclotrônica]]
** NVDA+MathPlayer: [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-7]].
[[ru:Циклотронное излучение]]
** Orca: There is ongoing work, but no support at all at the moment [[File:Orca-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-7]].
[[uk:Циклотронне випромінювання]]
** From our testing, ChromeVox and JAWS are not able to read the formulas generated by the MathML mode.
[[zh:回旋辐射]]
 
==Test pages ==
 
To test the '''MathML''', '''PNG''', and '''source''' rendering modes, please go to one of the following test pages:
*[[Displaystyle]]
*[[MathAxisAlignment]]
*[[Styling]]
*[[Linebreaking]]
*[[Unique Ids]]
*[[Help:Formula]]
 
*[[Inputtypes|Inputtypes (private Wikis only)]]
*[[Url2Image|Url2Image (private Wikis only)]]
==Bug reporting==
If you find any bugs, please report them at [https://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=MediaWiki%20extensions&component=Math&version=master&short_desc=Math-preview%20rendering%20problem Bugzilla], or write an email to math_bugs (at) ckurs (dot) de .

Latest revision as of 23:52, 15 September 2019

This is a preview for the new MathML rendering mode (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.

If you would like use the MathML rendering mode, you need a wikipedia user account that can be registered here [[1]]

  • Only registered users will be able to execute this rendering mode.
  • Note: you need not enter a email address (nor any other private information). Please do not use a password that you use elsewhere.

Registered users will be able to choose between the following three rendering modes:

MathML


Follow this link to change your Math rendering settings. You can also add a Custom CSS to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See these examples.

Demos

Here are some demos:


Test pages

To test the MathML, PNG, and source rendering modes, please go to one of the following test pages:

Bug reporting

If you find any bugs, please report them at Bugzilla, or write an email to math_bugs (at) ckurs (dot) de .

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