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{{unreferenced|date=April 2012}}
This is a preview for the new '''MathML rendering mode''' (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.
[[File:AGOModra Leonids98.jpg|thumb|right|All-sky view of the 1998 [[Leonids]] shower. 156 meteors were captured in this 4 hour image.]]
In [[astronomy]], the '''Zenithal Hourly Rate''' ('''ZHR''') of a [[meteor shower]] is the number of meteors a single observer would see in one hour under a clear, dark sky (limiting [[apparent magnitude]] of 6.5) if the [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] of the shower were at the [[zenith]].  The rate that can effectively be seen is nearly always lower and decreases the closer the radiant is to the [[horizon]].


If you would like use the '''MathML''' rendering mode, you need a wikipedia user account that can be registered here [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:UserLogin/signup]]
* Only registered users will be able to execute this rendering mode.
* Note: you need not enter a email address (nor any other private information). Please do not use a password that you use elsewhere.


The formula to calculate the ZHR is:
Registered users will be able to choose between the following three rendering modes:  


<math> ZHR = \cfrac{\overline{HR} \cdot F \cdot r^{6.5-lm}}{\sin(hR)} </math>
'''MathML'''
:<math forcemathmode="mathml">E=mc^2</math>


<!--'''PNG'''  (currently default in production)
:<math forcemathmode="png">E=mc^2</math>


where
'''source'''
:<math forcemathmode="source">E=mc^2</math> -->


<math>\overline{HR} = \cfrac{N}{T_{eff}} </math>  
<span style="color: red">Follow this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering link] to change your Math rendering settings.</span> You can also add a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin Custom CSS] to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Math#CSS_for_the_MathML_with_SVG_fallback_mode these examples].


represents the hourly rate of the observer.  N is the number of meteors observed, and T<sub>eff</sub> is the effective observation time of the observer.
==Demos==


Here are some [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles/Frederic.wang demos]:


Example: If the observer detected 12 meteors in 15 minutes, their hourly rate was 48. (12 divided by 0.25 hours).


* accessibility:
** Safari + VoiceOver: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VoiceOver-Mac-Safari.ogv video only], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-7]]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Audio-Windows7-InternetExplorer.ogg Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (audio)]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-SynchronizedHighlighting-WIndows7-InternetExplorer.png Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (synchronized highlighting)]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Braille-Windows7-InternetExplorer.png Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (braille)]
** NVDA+MathPlayer: [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-7]].
** Orca: There is ongoing work, but no support at all at the moment [[File:Orca-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-7]].
** From our testing, ChromeVox and JAWS are not able to read the formulas generated by the MathML mode.


<math> F = \cfrac{1}{1-k}</math>
==Test pages ==


To test the '''MathML''', '''PNG''', and '''source''' rendering modes, please go to one of the following test pages:
*[[Displaystyle]]
*[[MathAxisAlignment]]
*[[Styling]]
*[[Linebreaking]]
*[[Unique Ids]]
*[[Help:Formula]]


This represents the field of view correction factor, where k is the percentage of the observer's field of view which is obstructed (by clouds, for example).
*[[Inputtypes|Inputtypes (private Wikis only)]]
 
*[[Url2Image|Url2Image (private Wikis only)]]
 
==Bug reporting==
Example: If 20% of the observer's field of view were covered by clouds, k would be 0.2 and F would be 1.25. The observer should have seen 25% more meteors, therefore we multiply by F = 1.25.
If you find any bugs, please report them at [https://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=MediaWiki%20extensions&component=Math&version=master&short_desc=Math-preview%20rendering%20problem Bugzilla], or write an email to math_bugs (at) ckurs (dot) de .
 
 
<math> r^{6.5-lm} </math>
 
This represents the limiting magnitude correction factor. For every change of 1 magnitude in the limiting magnitude of the observer, the number of meteors observed changes by a factor of r. Therefore we must take this into account.
 
 
Example: If r is 2, and the observer's limiting magnitude is 5.5, we will have to multiply their hourly rate by 2 (2 to the power 6.5-5.5), to know how many meteors they would have seen if their limiting magnitude was 6.5.
 
 
<math> \sin(hR) </math>
 
This represents the correction factor for altitude of the radiant above the horizon (hR). The number of meteors seen by an observer changes as the sine of the radiant height in radians.
 
 
Example: If the radiant was at an average altitude of 30&deg; during the observation period, we will have to divide the observer's hourly rate by 0.5 (sin 30&deg;) to know how many meteors they would have seen if the radiant was at the zenith.
 
==See also==
*[[List of meteor showers]]
 
==External links==
*[http://www.namnmeteors.org/guidechap8.html North American Meteor Network] (NAMN)
 
[[Category:Meteoroids]]
[[Category:Observational astronomy]]
 
[[bg:Зенитно часово число]]
[[ca:Taxa horària zenital]]
[[de:Zenithal Hourly Rate]]
[[es:Tasa Horaria Zenital]]
[[fa:آهنگ ساعتی سرسویی]]
[[fr:Taux horaire zénithal]]
[[gl:Taxa Horaria Zenital]]
[[ko:정점 시율]]
[[it:Tasso orario zenitale]]
[[he:קצב זניתי לשעה]]
[[lb:Zenithal Hourly Rate]]
[[ms:Kadar Kemuncak Sejam]]
[[nl:Zenithal hourly rate]]
[[ja:天頂出現数]]
[[pl:Zenitalna liczba godzinna]]
[[pt:Taxa horária zenital]]
[[ru:Зенитное часовое число]]
[[sk:Zenitová hodinová frekvencia]]
[[sl:Zenitna urna frekvenca]]
[[sr:Зенитна часовна активност]]
[[zh:每小時天頂流星數]]

Latest revision as of 23:52, 15 September 2019

This is a preview for the new MathML rendering mode (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.

If you would like use the MathML rendering mode, you need a wikipedia user account that can be registered here [[1]]

  • Only registered users will be able to execute this rendering mode.
  • Note: you need not enter a email address (nor any other private information). Please do not use a password that you use elsewhere.

Registered users will be able to choose between the following three rendering modes:

MathML


Follow this link to change your Math rendering settings. You can also add a Custom CSS to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See these examples.

Demos

Here are some demos:


Test pages

To test the MathML, PNG, and source rendering modes, please go to one of the following test pages:

Bug reporting

If you find any bugs, please report them at Bugzilla, or write an email to math_bugs (at) ckurs (dot) de .

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