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'''Stochastic calculus''' is a branch of [[mathematics]] that operates on  [[stochastic process]]es. It allows a consistent theory of integration to be defined for [[integrals]] of stochastic processes with respect to stochastic processes. It is used to model systems that behave randomly.
This is a preview for the new '''MathML rendering mode''' (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.


The best-known stochastic process to which stochastic calculus is applied is the [[Wiener process]] (named in honor of [[Norbert Wiener]]), which is used for modeling [[Brownian motion]] as described by [[Louis Bachelier]] in 1900 and by [[Albert Einstein]] in 1905 and other physical [[diffusion]] processes in space of particles subject to random forces. Since the 1970s, the Wiener process has been widely applied in [[financial mathematics]] and [[economics]] to model the evolution in time of stock prices and bond interest rates.
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The main flavours of stochastic calculus are the [[Itō calculus]] and its variational relative the [[Malliavin calculus]].  For technical reasons the Itō integral is the most useful for general classes of processes but the related [[Stratonovich integral]] is frequently useful in problem formulation (particularly in engineering disciplines.) The Stratonovich integral can readily be expressed in terms of the Itō integral.  The main benefit of the Stratonovich integral is that it obeys the usual [[chain rule]] and does therefore not require [[Itō's lemma]]. This enables problems to be expressed in a co-ordinate system invariant form, which is invaluable when developing stochastic calculus on manifolds other than '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup>.
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The [[dominated convergence theorem]] does not hold for the Stratonovich integral, consequently it is very difficult to prove results without re-expressing the integrals in Itō form.


==Itō integral==
'''MathML'''
{{main|Itō calculus}}
:<math forcemathmode="mathml">E=mc^2</math>


The [[Itō integral]] is central to the study of stochastic calculus. The integral <math>\int H\,dX</math> is defined for a [[semimartingale]] ''X'' and locally bounded '''predictable''' process ''H''. {{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
<!--'''PNG''' (currently default in production)
:<math forcemathmode="png">E=mc^2</math>


==Stratonovich integral==
'''source'''
{{main|Stratonovich integral}}
:<math forcemathmode="source">E=mc^2</math> -->


The Stratonovich integral of a [[semimartingale]] <math>X</math> against another [[semimartingale]] ''Y'' can be defined in terms of the Itō integral as
<span style="color: red">Follow this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering link] to change your Math rendering settings.</span> You can also add a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin Custom CSS] to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Math#CSS_for_the_MathML_with_SVG_fallback_mode these examples].


:<math> \int_0^t X_{s-} \circ d Y_s : = \int_0^t X_{s-} d Y_s + \frac{1}{2} \left [ X, Y\right]_t^c,</math>
==Demos==


where [''X'',&nbsp;''Y'']<sub>''t''</sub><sup>''c''</sup> denotes the [[Quadratic variation|quadratic covariation]] of the continuous parts of ''X''
Here are some [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles/Frederic.wang demos]:
and&nbsp;''Y''. The alternative notation


:<math> \int_0^t X_s \, \partial Y_s </math>


is also used to denote the Stratonovich integral.
* accessibility:
** Safari + VoiceOver: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VoiceOver-Mac-Safari.ogv video only], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-7]]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Audio-Windows7-InternetExplorer.ogg Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (audio)]
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** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Braille-Windows7-InternetExplorer.png Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (braille)]
** NVDA+MathPlayer: [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-7]].
** Orca: There is ongoing work, but no support at all at the moment [[File:Orca-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-7]].
** From our testing, ChromeVox and JAWS are not able to read the formulas generated by the MathML mode.


==Applications==
==Test pages ==


A very important application of stochastic calculus is in [[quantitative finance]], in which asset prices are often assumed to follow [[stochastic differential equations]].  In the [[Black-Scholes model]], prices are assumed to follow the [[geometric Brownian motion]].
To test the '''MathML''', '''PNG''', and '''source''' rendering modes, please go to one of the following test pages:
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*[[Help:Formula]]


{{No footnotes|date=August 2011}}
*[[Inputtypes|Inputtypes (private Wikis only)]]
 
*[[Url2Image|Url2Image (private Wikis only)]]
==References==
==Bug reporting==
 
If you find any bugs, please report them at [https://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=MediaWiki%20extensions&component=Math&version=master&short_desc=Math-preview%20rendering%20problem Bugzilla], or write an email to math_bugs (at) ckurs (dot) de .
* Fima C Klebaner, 2012, Introduction to Stochastic Calculus with Application (3rd Edition). World Scientific Publishing, ISBN:9781848168312
 
*{{cite doi|10.1007/s10959-007-0140-8}} [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0712/0712.3908v2.pdf Preprint]
 
[[Category:Stochastic calculus|*]]
[[Category:Mathematical finance]]
[[Category:Integral calculus]]
 
[[ar:حساب التفاضل والتكامل العشوائيّ]]
[[de:Stochastische Integration]]
[[fr:Calcul stochastique]]
[[gl:Cálculo estocástico]]
[[pt:Cálculo estocástico]]
[[ru:Стохастический интеграл]]
[[uk:Теорія випадкових процесів]]
[[zh:随机分析]]

Latest revision as of 23:52, 15 September 2019

This is a preview for the new MathML rendering mode (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.

If you would like use the MathML rendering mode, you need a wikipedia user account that can be registered here [[1]]

  • Only registered users will be able to execute this rendering mode.
  • Note: you need not enter a email address (nor any other private information). Please do not use a password that you use elsewhere.

Registered users will be able to choose between the following three rendering modes:

MathML


Follow this link to change your Math rendering settings. You can also add a Custom CSS to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See these examples.

Demos

Here are some demos:


Test pages

To test the MathML, PNG, and source rendering modes, please go to one of the following test pages:

Bug reporting

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