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{{hatnote|This article discusses the [[philosophy]] of scientific laws. For the [[Science|scientific]] and [[mathematics|mathematical]] details, see [[laws of science]].}}
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{{more footnotes|date=October 2009}}


A '''scientific law''' is a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe. A scientific law always applies under the same conditions, and implies that there is a causal relationship involving its elements. [[Scientific fact|Factual]] and well-confirmed statements like "Mercury is liquid at standard temperature and pressure" are considered too specific to qualify as scientific laws. A central problem in the [[philosophy of science]], going back to [[David Hume]], is that of distinguishing causal relationships (such as those implied by laws) from principles that arise due to [[constant conjunction]].<ref>{{Citation
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  | contribution = Laws, natural or scientific
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  | editor-last = Honderich
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  | editor-first = Bike
  | title = Oxford Companion to Philosophy
  | pages = 474–476
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | place = Oxford
  | year = 1995
  | isbn=0-19-866132-0
}}</ref>


Laws differ from [[scientific theory|scientific theories]] in that they do not posit a mechanism or explanation of phenomena: they are merely distillations of the results of repeated observation. As such, a law is limited in applicability to circumstances resembling those already observed, and may be found false when extrapolated. [[Ohm's law]] only applies to linear networks, [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]] only applies in weak gravitational fields, the early laws of [[aerodynamics]] such as [[Bernoulli's principle]] do not apply in case of [[compressible flow]] such as occurs in [[transonic]] and [[supersonic]] flight, [[Hooke's law]] only applies to [[strain (physics)|strain]] below the [[elastic limit]], etc. These laws remain useful, but only under the conditions where they apply.
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Many laws take [[mathematics|mathematical]] forms, and thus can be stated as an equation; for example, the [[Law of Conservation of Energy]] can be written as <math>\Delta E = 0</math>, where E is the total amount of energy in the universe. Similarly, the [[First Law of Thermodynamics]] can be written as <math>\mathrm{d}U=\delta Q-\delta W\,</math>.
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:<math forcemathmode="mathml">E=mc^2</math>


The term "scientific law" is traditionally associated with the [[natural sciences]], though the [[social sciences]] also contain laws.<ref name=Ehrenberg>[[Andrew S. C. Ehrenberg]] (1993), "[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v365/n6445/pdf/365385a0.pdf Even the Social Sciences Have Laws]", [[Nature (journal)|Nature]], 365:6445 (30), page 385.{{subscription required}}</ref> An example of a scientific law in social sciences is [[Zipf's law]].
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Like theories and hypotheses, laws make predictions (specifically, they predict that new observations will conform to the law), and can be [[Falsifiability|falsified]] if they are found in contradiction with new data.
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== See also ==
<span style="color: red">Follow this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering link] to change your Math rendering settings.</span> You can also add a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin Custom CSS] to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Math#CSS_for_the_MathML_with_SVG_fallback_mode these examples].
{{Div col}}
* [[Laws of science]]
* [[Empirical method]]
* [[Empirical research]]
* [[Empirical statistical laws]]
* [[Scientific laws named after people]]
* [[Hypothesis]]
* [[Law (principle)]]
* [[Fiction]]
* [[Theory]]
{{Div col end}}


==References==
==Demos==
{{reflist}}


==Further reading==
Here are some [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles/Frederic.wang demos]:
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Dilworth|first=Craig|title=Scientific progress : a study concerning the nature of the relation between successive scientific theories|year=2007|publisher=Springer Verlag|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-1-4020-6353-4|edition=4th |chapter=Appendix IV. On the nature of scientific laws and theories}}
* {{cite book|last=Hanzel|first=Igor|title=The concept of scientific law in the philosophy of science and epistemology : a study of theoretical reason|year=1999|publisher=Kluwer|location=Dordrecht [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-7923-5852-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Nagel|first=Ernest|title=The structure of science problems in the logic of scientific explanation|year=1984|publisher=Hackett|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-0-915144-71-6|edition=2nd |chapter=5. Experimental laws and theories}}
* {{cite book |author=R. Penrose| title=[[The Road to Reality]]| publisher= Vintage books| year=2007 | isbn=0-679-77631-1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Swartz |first=Norman |title=Laws of Nature |encyclopedia=Internet encyclopedia of philosophy |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/lawofnat/ |date=20 February 2009 |accessdate=7 May 2012}}
{{Refend}}


{{philosophy of science}}


[[Category:Scientific method]]
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[[Category:Philosophy of science]]
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Latest revision as of 23:52, 15 September 2019

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