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{{Infobox enzyme
This is a preview for the new '''MathML rendering mode''' (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.
| Name = Phosphorylase
| EC_number = 2.4.1.1
| CAS_number = 9035-74-9
| IUBMB_EC_number = 2/4/1/1
| GO_code =
| image =
| width =
| caption =
}}
'''Phosphorylases''' are enzymes that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate (phosphate+hydrogen) to an acceptor.
:A-B + P  <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> A + P-B
They include [[Allosteric regulation|allosteric]] [[enzyme]]s that [[catalysis|catalyze]] the production of [[glucose-1-phosphate]] from a [[glucan]] such as [[glycogen]], [[starch]] or [[maltodextrin]]. Phosphorylase is also a common name used for [[glycogen phosphorylase]] in honor of Earl W. Sutherland Jr. who in the late 1930s discovered the first phosphorylase.<ref>Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th ed. pg. 603</ref>


== Function ==
If you would like use the '''MathML''' rendering mode, you need a wikipedia user account that can be registered here [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:UserLogin/signup]]
Phosphorylases should not be confused with [[phosphatases]], which remove phosphate groups.
* Only registered users will be able to execute this rendering mode.
In more general terms, phosphorylases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from an [[inorganic phosphate]] (phosphate + hydrogen) to an acceptor, not to be confused with a [[phosphatase]] (a [[hydrolase]]) or a [[kinase]] (a [[phosphotransferase]]). A phosphatase removes a phosphonate group from a donor using water, whereas a kinase transfers a phosphonate group from a donor (usually ATP) to an acceptor.
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{| class=wikitable
Registered users will be able to choose between the following three rendering modes:
!Enzyme name
!Enzymes class
!Reaction
!Notes
|-
|Phosphorylase|| Transferase<br>(EC 2.4 and EC 2.7.7)
||A-B + H-'''OP'''  <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> A-'''OP''' + H-B
|| transfer group = A = [[glycosyl]]- group or<br> [[nucleotidyl]]- group
|-'
|Phosphatase|| Hydrolase<br>(EC 3)
||'''P'''-B + H-OH  <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> '''P'''-OH + H-B
||
|-
|Kinase|| Transferase<br>(EC 2.7.1-2.7.4)
||'''P'''-B + H-A <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> '''P'''-A + H-B
|| transfer group = '''P'''
|-
|colspan=4|'''P''' = [[phosphonate]] group, '''OP''' = phosphate group, H-'''OP''' or '''P'''-OH = inorganic phosphate
|}


== Types ==
'''MathML'''
The phosphorylases fall into the following categories:
:<math forcemathmode="mathml">E=mc^2</math>
*Glycosyltransferases (EC 2.4)
**Enzymes that break down [[glucan]]s by removing a glucose residue (break ''O''-glycosidic bond)
***[[glycogen phosphorylase]]
***[[starch phosphorylase]]
***[[maltodextrin phosphorylase]]
**Enzymes that break down [[nucleoside]]s into their constituent bases and sugars (break ''N''-glycosidic bond)
***[[Purine nucleoside phosphorylase]] (PNPase)
*Nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7)
**Enzymes that have phosphorolytic 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity (break phosphodiester bond)
***[[RNase PH]]
***[[Polynucleotide Phosphorylase]] (PNPase)


All '''known''' phosphorylases share catalytic and structural properties [http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/nicedoc.pl?PDOC00095].
<!--'''PNG''' (currently default in production)
:<math forcemathmode="png">E=mc^2</math>


== Activation ==
'''source'''
'''Phosphorylase a''' is the active form of glycogen phosphorylase that is derived from the phosphorylation of the inactive form,  '''phosphorylase b'''.
:<math forcemathmode="source">E=mc^2</math> -->


== Pathology ==
<span style="color: red">Follow this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering link] to change your Math rendering settings.</span> You can also add a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin Custom CSS] to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Math#CSS_for_the_MathML_with_SVG_fallback_mode these examples].
Some disorders are related to phosphorylases:


* [[Glycogen storage disease type V]] - muscle glycogen
==Demos==
* [[Glycogen storage disease type VI]] - liver glycogen


==See also==
Here are some [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles/Frederic.wang demos]:
*[[Hydrolase]]


== References ==


<references/>
* accessibility:
** Safari + VoiceOver: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VoiceOver-Mac-Safari.ogv video only], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-7]]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Audio-Windows7-InternetExplorer.ogg Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (audio)]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-SynchronizedHighlighting-WIndows7-InternetExplorer.png Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (synchronized highlighting)]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Braille-Windows7-InternetExplorer.png Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (braille)]
** NVDA+MathPlayer: [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-7]].
** Orca: There is ongoing work, but no support at all at the moment [[File:Orca-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-7]].
** From our testing, ChromeVox and JAWS are not able to read the formulas generated by the MathML mode.


== External links ==
==Test pages ==
*[http://mcardlesdisease.org Muscle phosphorylase deficiency - McArdle's Disease Website]
* {{MeshName|Phosphorylases}}


{{Glycosyltransferases}}
To test the '''MathML''', '''PNG''', and '''source''' rendering modes, please go to one of the following test pages:
{{Kinases}}
*[[Displaystyle]]
*[[MathAxisAlignment]]
*[[Styling]]
*[[Linebreaking]]
*[[Unique Ids]]
*[[Help:Formula]]


[[Category:Transferases]]
*[[Inputtypes|Inputtypes (private Wikis only)]]
[[Category:EC 2.4.1]]
*[[Url2Image|Url2Image (private Wikis only)]]
 
==Bug reporting==
{{transferase-stub}}
If you find any bugs, please report them at [https://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=MediaWiki%20extensions&component=Math&version=master&short_desc=Math-preview%20rendering%20problem Bugzilla], or write an email to math_bugs (at) ckurs (dot) de .

Latest revision as of 23:52, 15 September 2019

This is a preview for the new MathML rendering mode (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.

If you would like use the MathML rendering mode, you need a wikipedia user account that can be registered here [[1]]

  • Only registered users will be able to execute this rendering mode.
  • Note: you need not enter a email address (nor any other private information). Please do not use a password that you use elsewhere.

Registered users will be able to choose between the following three rendering modes:

MathML


Follow this link to change your Math rendering settings. You can also add a Custom CSS to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See these examples.

Demos

Here are some demos:


Test pages

To test the MathML, PNG, and source rendering modes, please go to one of the following test pages:

Bug reporting

If you find any bugs, please report them at Bugzilla, or write an email to math_bugs (at) ckurs (dot) de .

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